I have been in debate with some guys about the Eucharist. In pointing to John 6 basically his response is this:
In John 6 Christ was speaking in the present tense, but yet he had not yet instituted the Eucharist [as he did at the Last Supper] so John 6 cannot be referring to the Eucharist. The audience couldn’t participate in a sacrament that wasn’t there to participate in yet.
Thoughts?
The Gospel of John is often working at
two levels: the material AND the spiritual (6:63); so this can get a little confusing at times. Greek Platonists divided the world into two realms, the world of idea forms (perfect, divine, ultimate) and the material world (imperfect, corrupt, deteriorating). The Gospel’s very radical overriding message–against Platonism–is that the divine Word has entered the material world and become real, material flesh. This is a essentially what would be called a sacramental understanding–baptism uses water (something material) but it’s more than water (see John 3 for a parallel—as others have noted above).
So, Jesus is
indeed the bread of life in a spiritual sense (something non-sacramental Christians might argue)–people look to Jesus and his teaching for spiritual sustenance, salvation, etc. For example, see 6:35: "Jesus said to them, ‘I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never be hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.’ " Clearly, Jesus is not here talking about physical/material hunger; he’s speaking of something else–something like a spiritual hunger and thirst. A parallel in John would be 4:15–the Samaritan woman misconstrues Jesus’ spiritual teaching with a material understanding–she wants physical living water so she is magically cured of all thirst and never has to come back to well. I would say that up to verse 50 in John 6, Jesus is basically teaching about being the bread of life in this spiritual dimension that could be approximating your friend’s understanding.
It is when the text of John 6 switches to the physical or material dimension of this reality that things get interesting. In verse 51 Jesus reveals that “the bread that I
will give (
doso, clearly Gk. future tense) is my flesh…” Now we move to the physical/material dimension of what Jesus has been speaking of only spiritually up to this point. The giving of Jesus’ material flesh (in the many ways that can be understood, but primarily in the cross and the Eucharist) has not yet occurred at this point in the narrative, which is why here the writer switches to the future tense verb.
For John, it’s always both/and: spiritual and material. To loose sight of one or the other is to miss the message. The sacraments aren’t magic materials. But neither are they ONLY spiritual realities with no material substance.