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I missed the time window to edit my post above, so I’ll have to add this second thought as a new response: Could you comment on Catherine of Siena, and her life as a faithful Catholic and a reformer? I paste below one short bio (granted, a non-Catholic one) that interprets her example as both faithful yet bold before the hierarchy in need of reform.…
For example, St. Francis attended the Lateran Council and worked on the reforms of the Lateran Council along with the Cardinals and other reformers, such as Dominic. But neither he nor Dominic ever gave a second thought to the Council Fathers and their mistakes. On the contrary, both of them submitted their wills to the Council Fathers even in those things that they disagreed with or that they felt were inconsistent with the Gospel or Sacred Tradition, as long as it was not sin.
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Fraternally,
JR![]()
In her day, the popes, officially Bishops of Rome, had been living for about seventy years, not at Rome but at Avignon in France, where they were under the political control of the King of France (the Avignon Papacy, sometimes called the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, began when Philip the Fair, King of France, captured Rome and the Pope in 1303). Catherine visited Avignon in 1376 and told Pope Gregory XI that he had no business to live away from Rome. He heeded her advice, and moved to Rome. She then acted as his ambassador to Florence, and was able to reconcile a quarrel between the Pope and the leaders of that city. She then retired to Sienna, where she wrote a book called the Dialog, an account of her visions and other spiritual experiences, with advice on cultivating a life of prayer.
It goes without saying that interpretations of persons’ attitudes, approaches and motives who are distant in history require subjective judgment of us. History is not an exact and hard science. Different saints present different responses to God. St. John of the Cross, for example, did not submit to the prison he was cast into by his lawful superiors - rather, he took opportunity to escape when he could - I presume, so that he could continue to work in some active way for Carmelite reform, rather than to continue in obedience and in the inactivity which they desired and commanded.After Gregory’s death in 1378, the Cardinals, mostly French, elected an Italian Pope, Urban VI, who on attaining office turned out to be arrogant and abrasive and tyrannical, and perhaps to have other faults as well. The Cardinals met again elsewhere, declared that the first election had been under duress from the Roman mob and therefore invalid, and elected a new Pope, Clement VII, who established his residence at Avignon. Catherine worked tirelessly, both to persuade Urban to mend his ways (her letters to him are respectful but severe and uncompromising – as one historian has said, she perfected the art of kissing the Pope’s feet while simultaneously twisting his arm), and to persuade others that the peace and unity of the Church required the recognition of Urban as lawful Pope. Despite her efforts, the Papal Schism continued until 1417. It greatly weakened the prestige of the Bishops of Rome, and thus helped to pave the way for the Protestant Reformation a century later.
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