List of common fallacies of Atheists

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Can you understand that evolution could not have occurred unless life already existed?
Why do you constantly evade the fact that
fortuitous
combinations of molecules and random genetic mutations were the primary factors?
We are dealing with a comprehensive explanation of reality - not isolated, unrelated segments of reality. The sequence of events in logical, chronological order:
  1. The origin of the universe
  2. The origin of life
  3. The process of evolution
“Can you understand that evolution could **not **have occurred unless life already existed?” Totally inconsequential. This is basic basic stuff. I’m starting to get tried of this, i don’t mean to be rude but…

A theory explains a SPECIFIC set of facts. If you want to discuss evolution then any objections (however absurd) you have with Abiogenesis have NOTHING to do with evolution, for they are outwith the SPECIFIC set of facts explained by the theory of evolution.

Its like you trying to argue with me you don’t think a boat can float because you don’t believe a plane can fly. As far as evolution is concerned the origin of first living organism is utterly irrelevant, it could have came from anywhere including your god. **Evolution deals with what happened after that point. **

Now if you want to talk about Abiogenesis i am MORE THAN HAPPY to, however if your issues with Abiogenesis lie outwith the theory, like with evolution, then it is pointless. Your claim I "constantly evade the fact that fortuitous combinations of molecules and random genetic mutations were the primary factors?" shows exactly this. “fortuitous combinations” - (totally incorrect, however) Abiogenesis "random genetic mutations " - Evolution. THESE ARE NOT RELATED THEORIES!!! EVEN IF YOU DISPROVE ABIOGENESIS IT WOULD HAVE NO IMPACT ON EVOLUTION dear me :banghead::banghead::banghead::banghead:

It baffles me that you want to debate these subjects when to be brutally honest you don’t even have the most basic understanding of them or science. Can you at least go learn what a scientific theory is, that way when were are talking we can say on the topic. It is pointless even trying to discuss this, with you going off on so many irrelevant tangents.
 
Why do you constantly evade the fact that** fortuitous** combinations of molecules and random genetic mutations were the primary factors?
We are dealing with a **comprehensive **explanation of reality - not isolated, unrelated segments of reality. The sequence of events in logical, chronological order:
  1. The origin of the universe
  2. The origin of life
  3. The process of evolution
Can you understand that evolution could **not **have occurred unless life already existed?
Totally inconsequential.
Please answer one simple question:

**Could evolution could have occurred if life did not already exist?
**
The topic is not evolution but the fallacies of Atheists - who believe:

There is no ultimate reason for, and no **ultimate **purpose behind, the universe, life and evolution.
 
Please answer one simple question:

**Could evolution could have occurred if life did not already exist?
**
The topic is not evolution but the fallacies of Atheists - who believe:

There is no ultimate reason for, and no **ultimate **purpose behind, the universe, life and evolution.
Actually i took issue with the follow comment… see post 238
**
“Originally Posted by tonyrey
Do you believe we evolved by chance?”**

So yes we are talking about evolution.

You then go on **ANOTHER **tangent. “The universe, life, and evolution” :confused:.

You need to learn how to structure an argument, specifically how to STAY ON TOPIC.

“Could evolution could have occurred if life did not already exist?” - are you from real? The answer is no, now tell me what that has to do with ANYTHING?

Do you concede that the theory of evolution is not driven by “chance”? A simple admission that you were incorrect, along with you refraining from saying such a silly statement in the future is all i am after.

You can continue to think that belief is knowledge all you like, i don’t think there is much hope of getting through to you on that front.
 
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                 Originally Posted by **tonyrey**                     [forums.catholic-questions.org/images/buttons_khaki/viewpost.gif](http://forums.catholic-questions.org/showthread.php?p=5634435#post5634435)                 
             *What can naturalism and scientism tell you about the most important things in life like truth, goodness, justice, beauty and love?*
                             I'm not sure. First, things like truth and justice are apparently subjective.
If the truth and justice are only subjective they exist only in our minds and need not correspond to anything in reality. Each of us decides what is true and just. Right?
I find no redeeming value in confining Jews to a ghetto and forcing them to wear identifying armbands, and the list goes on and on.
The Nazis were not Christians. They put Christians and other religious people to death.
So I would argue the last people we should be looking to for truth and justice are the religious and their institutions.
What about the atrocities committed by atheist regimes?
As far as beauty and love, I find little beauty and love in the actions of your church through the ages (besides Vatican art and its European cathedrals).
You are obviously prejudiced… How much beauty and love have been inspired by atheism?
  • What do you already know to be true about the origin of the universe and human beings? Do you believe we evolved by chance*? Beliefs based on zero evidence are called guesses or stories, not truth or anything resembling truth.
Please answer the questions.
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                                             *Your exact words: "I posited people in the first century were probably **less intelligent*** and more superstitious and susceptible to religious trickery than people are today".
They were obviously less intelligent in terms of available knowledge.
Intelligence is not assessed in terms of available knowledge.
What about all the crazy sects, palmistry, astrology, etc that exist today? Frankly I put all religion in that category.
Why not include scientism, physicalism, materialism and NeoDarwinism which all deny the objective existence of the most important aspects of life? How would you justify belief in human rights and the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity?
There have been Christian martyrs in every century up to our own, one of the most recent being Archbishop Romero in El Salvador who was murdered for his opposition to the junta. In his own words:
“The Church would betray its own love for God and its fidelity to the gospel if it stopped being . . . a defender of the rights of the poor . . . a humanizer of every legitimate struggle to achieve a more just society.”

  • If that is bizarre superstition then the world needs more of it… *
    I’m not sure what to say …
I’m not surprised… 🙂
.
… except I don’t really see the CC helping the poor all that much. After centuries of “helping” they’re still poor right?
What a pathetic argument!
How do you expect one organization to eliminate poverty all over the world? What did atheists do in El Salvador?
*The NT is based on the monotheism of the OT, the Ten Commandments and the prophecies of the Messiah - not on the literal truth of Genesis. *
that’s just the newest spin job. Back in the days of Galileo a geocentric universe was also an indispensable truth enumerated by the infallible CC (so whatever)
It was not an official doctrine of the Church. Infallibility refers to **theological **beliefs not science. Have scientists never been mistaken? We could say that the latest scientific theories are the newest spin jobs - which will be rectified eventually…
Of course the first man was a primate but was he a chimp - or a person like yourself with the power of reason and free will? Or do you reckon our conscience, power of reason and free will are illusions? Are you trying to segway into a philosophical discussion on determinism, or do you normally insert red herrings with no nexus to the instant issue into your questions?
You are evading the questions - unskilfully because the OP deals with “the common fallacies of Atheists”.
Do you believe our conscience, power of reason and free will are illusions?
*St Paul also had Christians put to death before his conversion and finished up by being beheaded in Rome for spreading the Gospel of love and justice. *
What the heck does this alleged fact have to do with the discussion? I see mostly rhetoric, and little substance (because there is no logical and substantive argument refuting my position … just emotive red herring that aren’t even based on verifiable fact).
“By their fruits you shall know them…”
In other words you cannot prove that the men and women who started the Christian religion were any more or less “divine” than David Koresh and his followers? You can only make a good case that they were successful where Koresh wasn’t (it stands to reason if Clinton were emperor and they had an ATF Christianity might have died on the spot).
“By their fruits you shall know them…”
 
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                 Originally Posted by **tonyrey**                     [forums.catholic-questions.org/images/buttons_khaki/viewpost.gif](http://forums.catholic-questions.org/showthread.php?p=5638098#post5638098)                 
             *The topic is not evolution but the fallacies of Atheists - who believe:
There is no ultimate* reason for, and no **ultimate **purpose behind, the universe, life and evolution.
  • “Could evolution could have occurred if life did not already exist?”*
    The answer is no, now tell me what that has to do with ANYTHING?
  1. Evolution presupposes life.
  2. If life is due to chance then evolution is ultimately due to chance.
  3. Both life and evolution are ultimately irrational and purposeless.
Do you concede that the theory of evolution is not driven by “chance”?
The **theory **of evolution is certainly not driven by chance! It exists in the minds of rational beings. Of course if you regard rational beings as the product of chance the **theory **of evolution is also ultimately the product of chance.

Theists believe** evolution** is not driven by chance because it is based on physical laws which were designed by a rational Being to provide a basis for life and the development of life. NeoDarwinists believe evolution is driven by random mutations and natural selection. So for them it is **mainly **due to chance because natural selection is restricted to the possibilities offered by random mutations. The source of variety and novelty in evolution is **chance **- as Monod explains very clearly in his book.
 
  1. Evolution presupposes life.
  2. If life is due to chance then evolution is ultimately due to chance.
  3. Both life and evolution are ultimately irrational and purposeless.
The **theory **of evolution is certainly not driven by chance! It exists in the minds of rational beings. Of course if you regard rational beings as the product of chance the **theory **of evolution is also ultimately the product of chance.

Theists believe** evolution** is not driven by chance because it is based on physical laws which were designed by a rational Being to provide a basis for life and the development of life. NeoDarwinists believe evolution is driven by random mutations and natural selection. So for them it is **mainly **due to chance because natural selection is restricted to the possibilities offered by random mutations. The source of variety and novelty in evolution is **chance **- as Monod explains very clearly in his book.
Ok so if i understand you, you agree that natural selection is not chance.

“Theists believe** evolution** is not driven by chance because it is based on physical laws which were designed by a rational Being to provide a basis for life and the development of life.” - This statement is irrelevant, for the origin of the laws matter not. They are outwith the set of facts explained by the theory.

“The source of variety and novelty in evolution is **chance **” - Right, so if i understand you you are claiming since mutations are “Random” the traits of a generation are sheer chance?
 
  1. Evolution presupposes life.
  2. If life is due to chance then evolution is ultimately due to chance.
  3. Both life and evolution are ultimately irrational and purposeless.
I really don’t see why this is hard to grasp, but the origin of life has nothing to do with evolution. Evolution is completely neutral on that topic, it explains the diversity of species, NOTHING MORE.
 
I really don’t see why this is hard to grasp, but the origin of life has nothing to do with evolution. Evolution is completely neutral on that topic, it explains the diversity of species, NOTHING MORE.
For NeoDarwinists they are directly related and inseparable because both are seen as evidence of Non-Design, evolution being the sequel to abiogenesis in their explanation of our existence on this planet. The atheist cannot have one without the other…
 
For the OP, I have an article I summarized here on a page on my site. A few atheists have commented on it as well:

payingattentiontothesky.com/motives-for-atheism-%e2%80%93-david-carlin/

Hope it helps you with your project.

For the guys debating evolution. Catholic theologian John Haught in an interview that explains why science and God are not at odds, why Mike Huckabee worries him, and why Richard Dawkins and other “new atheists” are ignorant about religion… If you don’t know about him, you should; his books are great.

payingattentiontothesky.com/2009/08/05/the-atheist-delusion-an-interview-with-prof-john-haught/

In Christ,

dj
 
If the truth and justice are only subjective they exist only in our minds and need not correspond to anything in reality. Each of us decides what is true and just. Right?
like I keep saying truth and justice are man made concepts, they come from no where else. Obviously justice is a good thing, truth is better than falsity (which is why I’m not religious), and freedom better than tryanny. You can credit the mostly secular rational thinkers of the enlightenment era for most of these concepts btw.
The Nazis were not Christians. They put Christians and other religious people to death.
here’s an endless blackhole of an argument. Hitler was raised Catholic, just like Stalin btw (he even wanted to become a priest at one point). Frankly, we’re not sure what Hitler was, but he did appeal to divine providence quite often (although I’d agree that does not indicate he was a Christian). How to define the religiosity of men like Stalin or Hitler is speculative (and for a variety of reasons we can’t be sure, although IMO we can be a little more sure that Stalin eventually became an atheist … but that’s just my opinion).
How much beauty and love have been inspired by atheism?
there’s been plenty of atheist artists throughout history (albeit atheism is far more common among scientists, lawyers, and other disciplines that demand proficiency in logic).
Intelligence is not assessed in terms of available knowledge.
I was watching a History Channel show earlier about Greek mythology & was amazed at the level of superstition and dark fear those people lived under. It may have been you who earlier said something like we have the same level of superstition today (pointing to the bizarre cults that exist in this country and throughout the world).

This is the sort of ridiculous logic I love to point to when I critique religion. Two or three thousand years ago entire societies were grossly superstitious, today that sort of absurd superstition is confined to small cults at the fringes of society (who most people view as lunatics who need to be deprogrammed). Even within those cults (at least here in the US) its members would have likely attended school and would likely know facts like the earth revolves around the sun and our solar system is part of a larger galaxy. They would likely know the natural causes for eclipses, floods, earth quakes, and so on.

You can quibble about how high an IQ the average ancient had versus how much “knowledge” they had … but that’s just a distraction from the relevant point. The less you know the more gullible your are (regardless of how high your IQ is). The more accustomed you are to superstition the more predisposed you are to it. Ancient society was more superstitious than modern society, despite the fact we still have a small number of people who harbor bizarre superstitions.
Why not include scientism, physicalism, materialism and NeoDarwinism which all deny the objective existence of the most important aspects of life? How would you justify belief in human rights and the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity?
because those are rational theories based on facts and reasonable assumptions.
What a pathetic argument!
let’s face it … anyone whose not a religious zealot will always have a “pathetic argument” in your view.
How do you expect one organization to eliminate poverty all over the world? What did atheists do in El Salvador?
I don’t know what atheists did in El Salvador … but I’m not basing my argument on a historical comparison between theists and non-theists, since it doesn’t help us determine whether Christianty is true or not.
It was not an official doctrine of the Church. Infallibility refers to **theological **beliefs not science. Have scientists never been mistaken? We could say that the latest scientific theories are the newest spin jobs - which will be rectified eventually…
Science doesn’t engage in spin jobs. Science isn’t a single organization like the CC, it’s comprised of millions of scientists all competing against each other. So when one scientists discovers another scientist was wrong about something, they don’t call the grand wizard in charge of the global science conspiracy and await his instructions … they publish their work & debunk the earlier scientists work – and then they get rich.

The church, on the other hand, changes the way it defines infallibility to suit its needs (and then defends itself by using absurd tactics like demanding someone point to a church document where the church indites itself of wrongdoing). It’s so preposterous I don’t even want to talk about it.
You are evading the questions - unskilfully because the OP deals with “the common fallacies of Atheists”.
huh?
Do you believe our conscience, power of reason and free will are illusions?
“By their fruits you shall know them…”
“By their fruits you shall know them…”
oh oh … your dropping scripture on me:eek::eek:
 
For NeoDarwinists they are directly related and inseparable because both are seen as evidence of Non-Design, evolution being the sequel to abiogenesis in their explanation of our existence on this planet. The atheist cannot have one without the other…
An atheist can in fact have neither, for all atheism means is one does not have theism. So however again this has NOTHING to do with the theory of evolution, can you please please try to stay on topic.

Oh and “Neo-Darwinism is a term used today to describe the ‘modern synthesis’ of Darwinian evolution by natural selection” - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism

So there not related for “NeoDarwinists”.

Can you answer me one question honestly, why do you want to talk about science when you clearly know nothing about it? You don’t even know what a theory is, its like trying to discuss maths when you can’t add 2 and 2.
 
So lets try again…

"The source of variety and novelty in evolution is chance " - Right, so if i understand you you are claiming since mutations are “Random” the traits of a generation are sheer chance?
 
“…truth and justice are man made concepts, they come from nowhere else. Obviously justice is a good thing, truth is better than falsity (which is why I’m not religious), and freedom better than tyranny.”
You are using “good” and “better” as if they are objective criteria. If they are subjective why do you expect others to share **your **value judgments?
If truth is just a manmade concept then a belief or statement need not correspond to reality to be true. Is that what you believe?
This is the sort of ridiculous logic I love to point to when I critique religion. Two or three thousand years ago entire societies were grossly superstitious, today that sort of absurd superstition is confined to small cults at the fringes of society (who most people view as lunatics who need to be deprogrammed).
Superstition is defined as “idolatry” and “an irrational belief that an object, action, or circumstance not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome” .
Scientism fits these definitions perfectly because science is worshipped as the supreme **source **of wisdom and insight into reality. Its devotees believe all human thoughts, emotions, values, decisions, goals and aspirations can in principle be explained scientifically.
*Why not include scientism, physicalism, materialism and NeoDarwinism which all deny the objective existence of the most important aspects of life? *
because those are rational theories based on facts and reasonable assumptions.
Are these rational theories based on facts and reasonable assumptions:
  1. Science can in principle explain everything. ?
  2. Everything can in principle be explained by physical causes. ?
  3. Human beings can in principle be explained as the products of fortuitous combinations of molecules and random genetic mutations. ?
    Please supply the facts and reasonable assumptions on which they are based…
How would you justify belief in human rights and the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity?
let’s face it … anyone whose not a religious zealot will always have a “pathetic argument” in your view.
It would be more to the point to explain how you expect one organization to eliminate poverty all over the world?
Science doesn’t engage in spin jobs. Science isn’t a single organization like the CC, it’s comprised of millions of scientists all competing against each other.
Have you ever heard of the scientific Establishment? If you think there is no prejudice, favouritism, deceit, scandal and corruption among scientists you are woefully ignorant.
The church, on the other hand, changes the way it defines infallibility to suit its needs (and then defends itself by using absurd tactics like demanding someone point to a church document where the church indites itself of wrongdoing). It’s so preposterous I don’t even want to talk about it.
Precise references are required to substantiate this allegation - regardless of whether you want to talk about it. Otherwise it is worthless…

Do you believe our conscience, power of reason and free will are illusions? Yes or no?
“By their fruits you shall know them…”
oh oh … your dropping scripture on me
You seem unaware that fertility is an important criterion of a philosophical or scientific theory…
 
So lets try again…

"The source of variety and novelty in evolution is chance " - Right, so if i understand you you are claiming since mutations are “Random” the traits of a generation are sheer chance?
If a particular trait of an individual is the result of a random mutation it is obviously due to chance. The vast majority of random mutations are neutral or deleterious**.**
 
If a particular trait of an individual is the result of a random mutation it is obviously due to chance. The vast majority of random mutations are neutral or deleterious**.**
Random mutation is of course due to chance. What mutations and traits survive, is obviously not. If you have 100 dogs and they all have the urge to jump off of cliffs except 10, those 10 will likely survive and pass on the trait to not want to jump off cliffs. That is not random.
 
Random mutation is of course due to chance. What mutations and traits survive, is obviously not. If you have 100 dogs and they all have the urge to jump off of cliffs except 10, those 10 will likely survive and pass on the trait to not want to jump off cliffs. That is not random.
The fact remains that you believe the source of the material for selection is random and therefore evolution has no rational basis or purpose…
 
The fact remains that you believe the source of the material for selection is random and therefore evolution has no rational basis or purpose…
I don’t know what else to say except “no”. Good Night.
 
You are using “good” and “better” as if they are objective criteria. If they are subjective why do you expect others to share **your **value judgments?
you live under the illusion that an objective morality ever existed, much less within religion? In the 14th and 15th century it was perfectly within the range of normalcy for the church to burn people alive. A millennium before that the religious claimed god commanded them to stone human beings to death. Yet most religions today would find those acts maniacal and aberrant.

So obviously the church has never had anything approaching an objective unchanging set of moral principals. The morality of mankind is something that evolved over time. Prior to the secular rationalist thinkers of the enlightenment the western world was ruled by monarchy and theocracy, which oppressed individual freedoms. Today freedom and morality are considered intertwined … and this is due mostly to those irreligious enlightenment thinkers.
If truth is just a manmade concept then a belief or statement need not correspond to reality to be true. Is that what you believe?
I’m the one with the appreciation for reality remember?
Superstition is defined as “idolatry” and “an irrational belief that an object, action, or circumstance not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome” .
Scientism fits these definitions perfectly because science is worshipped as the supreme **source **of wisdom and insight into reality. Its devotees believe all human thoughts, emotions, values, decisions, goals and aspirations can in principle be explained scientifically.
man … you really sound brainwashed.
Are these rational theories based on facts and reasonable assumptions:
  1. Science can in principle explain everything. ?
  2. Everything can in principle be explained by physical causes. ?
  3. Human beings can in principle be explained as the products of fortuitous combinations of molecules and random genetic mutations. ?
I guess you’re fixated on the idea that all scientists believe evolution was the result of a series of random events (since I see you debating about it with some of the other irreligious posters here).

If you thought about it even if something like intelligent design were true, science should still be able to trace back the physical causes responsible for creating the universe up until a certain point. We already know the singularity was comprised of a small handful of elements & a little bit more matter than anti-matter. These were physical things which combined in just the right way to put all this in motion. Whether this was a random event, or whether something out there was responsible for it all is not a question science frequently tries to answer. In fact opining either way isn’t really science (since insufficient evidence exists, and the mathematical formulas break down as we approach the density of the singularity).

Religion, like naturalist philosophy is a theory (with no supporting empirical evidence). Sure, I do think naturalist philosophy has a more rational basis than religion, but that’s not saying much (since actually believing, for instance, the events depicted in the bible are true has no rational basis whatsoever).
How would you justify belief in human rights and the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity?
are you under the delusion that religion created these concepts?
It would be more to the point to explain how you expect one organization to eliminate poverty all over the world?
my point was that your church has been in these countries for decades; and they’re still just as poor and hopeless as the day you found them.
Have you ever heard of the scientific Establishment? If you think there is no prejudice, favouritism, deceit, scandal and corruption among scientists you are woefully ignorant.
and thankfully science hasn’t deluded itself into thinking it’s infallible? Scandal, corruption, deceit (let’s see, like thousands of pedophile priests, and bishops who sent them running along to a different parish so they could continue their crimes)?
Precise references are required to substantiate this allegation - regardless of whether you want to talk about it. Otherwise it is worthless…
ask and yea shall receive:

Catholic Priest Guilty In Rwanda Genocide

washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/13/AR2006121301948.html

A major investigation into allegations of child abuse in Irish state-run institutions is set to implicate ‘hundreds’ of Catholic priests today.

article.wn.com/view/2009/05/20/Hundreds_of_Catholic_priests_to_be_implicated_in_child_abuse/

Some priests assisted passively by refusing to help Tutsi parishioners or clergy. Some openly encouraged the killers. Others promised parishioners safe havens at churches, which were then attacked in some of the genocide’s most notorious massacres, the chapels littered with mutilated corpses and spilled blood in what African Rights called a ``dreadful parody" of the communion ritual.

A few priests manned roadblocks where Tutsis were arrested. Some took up weapons against Tutsis. One former military chaplain who helped train militiamen wore a gun and a crucifix when he greeted Pope John Paul II’s representative during the genocide. Two other priests were sentenced to death in Rwanda this year for paying workers to bulldoze their church in Nyange, killing 2,000 Tutsis locked inside.

maykuth.com/Projects/rwan3.htm
Do you believe our conscience, power of reason and free will are illusions? Yes or no?
I don’t deny human reason and free will (albeit free will is an entire topic unto itself). As far as conscience goes, I see no reason to believe our thoughts are derived from anywhere except our brains. However, we obviously have a conscience (and subconscious)?
 
I am trying to create a list of fallacies commited by atheists. Unfortunately I can’t think of any more off the top of my head. (It is like 90F here in Vancouver Canada, we are in the middle of a heat wave =p)

This is what I have so far:

Link to a list of logical fallacies:
onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm
These are not mine, but I thought they were worth posting:
Pitfalls for Atheists to Avoid
  1. Assume that because you compare theism to believing in pink unicorns or fairy tales that you have made a good argument.
  1. Become hostile and use degrading vulgarities while maintaining that Christianity is an immoral religion.
  1. When you are having trouble answering an argument posed by a Christian theist, simply say, “well even if this were true, it doesn’t prove the existence of the ‘Christian’ God.”
  1. Assume that simply because you explain a phenomena from a naturalistic perspective that it constitutes an argument which must be true.
  1. When arguing against the Christian God, simply say that you only believe in “one less god” than most people, as if that does not require you to defend an atheistic understanding of cosmology, anthropology, ethics, philosophy of history, philosophy of politics, philosophy of science, and epistemology.
  1. Make metaphysical statements that suggest that metaphysics are a useless waste of time.
  1. Argue that we should only believe things proven by empirical evidence without proving it with empirical evidence.
  1. Use logic like it is a universal, transcendent, unchanging reality when atheistic naturalism cannot account for universal, transcendent, unchanging realities.
  1. Argue that there is no evidence to believe in the existence of God because all the evidence that is produced fails to pass the standards of evidence which have been constructed from the belief that God does not exist.
  1. Argue that human beings are robots, puppets, and machines programmed by natural selection in a closed system of cause and effect, and then argue for free thought and moral agency.
  1. Place your ultimate trust in human reason while believing that man’s mind evolved from lower animals such as monkeys and will continue to evolve until we become the monkeys from which the minds of the future will have evolved.
 
If a particular trait of an individual is the result of a random mutation it is obviously due to chance. The vast majority of random mutations are neutral or deleterious**.**
Good, so now we are not talking about “chance”, but probabilities. Ok so we are on the same wave length, can you explain to me what a random mutation is. Thanks.
 
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