The Categorical Imperative has its own problems as a universal standard for morality. It can very much be read as a matter of maximizing rational self-interest, which in itself is not a basis for good or evil. Don’t kill, so people don’t kill me or people I like. Don’t steal, so people don’t steal from me or from people I like. And so on…
As I recall, in his book “The God Delusion,” Richard Dawkins made the argument that reciprocal morality (I’ll be nice to you, if you are nice to me) is an “evolutionally successful strategy.”
However, as I pointed out earlier, reciprocal or conditional morality is just Old Testament retributive justice disguised as mutual benevolence. Better than no morals at all, the old scriptures are certainly not the last word in morality, because when push comes to shove they authorize returning evil for evil (Kill those who try to kill you. Steal from those who would steal from you. And so on…).
In fact, Jesus taught just the opposite, i.e. “Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: But I say unto you… Love you enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you…” etc., etc. (Mat. 6:38-44). But make no mistake, doing your duty and trying to “overcome evil with good” can get you killed, and often it is the moral cowards who survive.
The one categorical imperative is just a generalized version of the personal Golden Rule -
Act as you would have everybody act - Do as you would be done by others. It is a universal law derived not from experience, but from pure
synthetic a priori reason. It does not authorize retribution (which is the flip-side of reciprocal morality), but it does fit with the pursuit of
telos (purpose) and the Summum Bonum (highest good), which in this world may be defined as the human satisfactions of virtue, universal morality, and other utilities of happiness.
Samuel Stuart Maynes
www.religiouspluralism.ca