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Early Church - Evils of Contraception
Earliest Ecumenical Councils and Synods had to deal with the problem of abortion and contraception. The Fathers of those Councils were unequivocal in their condemnation
"Concerning women who commit fornication, and destroy that which they have conceived, or
who are employed in making drugs for abortion, a former decree excluded them until the hour of death, and to this some have assented. Nevertheless, being desirous to use somewhat greater lenity,
we have ordained that they fulfill ten years [of penance], according to the prescribed degrees." [Synod in Ancyra can. XXI (**A.D. 314)]
"Those who give drugs for procuring abortion, and those who receive poisons to kill the foetus, are subjected to the penalty of murder." [Council in Trullo can. XCI. (**A.D. 692)]
“Let her that procures abortion undergo ten years’ penance,
whether the embryo were perfectly formed, or not.” [Can. II of St. Basil the Great]
In A.D. 191 St. Clement of Alexandria referred to Onan’s evil act:
*“He broke the law of coitus.” He went on to explain that “Because of its divine institution for the propagation of man,
the seed is not to be vainly ejaculated, nor is it to be damaged, nor is it to be wasted.” *
Origen — theologian of the early 3rd century Alexandrian Church — refuted pagan philosopher Celsus by
reference to God’s people in the Old Testament
*“nor were there among them women who
sold their beauty to anyone who wished to
have sexual intercourse without offspring, and to cast contempt upon the nature of human generation.” *
In the early Church it was clear that to have sexual intercourse without being open to offspring was to commit an evil act.
In
A.D. 307 the Latin philosopher and apologist, Lactantius Firmianus, attested to the Christian belief that abstinence is the only licit means of limiting family size. He spoke of those who
*"…complain of the scantiness of their means, and allege that they have not enough for bringing up more children, as though, in truth, their means were in [their] power… or God did not daily make the rich poor and the poor rich. Wherefore,
if any one on any account of poverty shall be unable to bring up children, it is better to abstain from relations with his wife… the genital [generating] part of the body, as the name itself teaches, has been received by us for
no other purpose than the generation of offspring…" *
In
A.D. 375, the Greek theologian St. Epiphanius of Salamis wrote against those who:
*"…exercise genital acts,
yet prevent the conceiving of children. Not in order to produce offspring, **but to satisfy lust, are they eager for corruption." ***
St. John Chrysostum, the 4th century Patriarch of Constantinople. In a homily he preached in
391 A.D., this illustrious Father of the Church condemned both contraception and abortion:
“
Why do you sow where the field is eager to destroy the fruit, where there are medicines of sterility [oral contraceptives], where there is murder before birth? You do not even let a harlot remain only a harlot, but you
make her a murderess as well… Indeed, it is something
worse than murder, and I do not know what to call it; for she does not kill what is formed
but prevents its formation. What then?
Do you condemn the gift of God and fight with his [natural] laws?.. Yet such turpitude… the matter still seems indifferent to many men; even to many men having wives. In this indifference
of the married men there is greater evil filth; for then poisons are prepared, not against the womb of a prostitute, but against your injured wife. **Against her are these innumerable tricks”. **
In another homily, St. John Chrysostom went on to say:
"The procreation of children in marriage is the ‘heritage’ and ‘reward’ of the Lord; a blessing of God (cf. Psalm 127:3). It is the natural result of the act of sexual intercourse in marriage, which is a sacred union through which God Himself joins the two together into 'one flesh’ (Genesis 1-2, Matthew 19, Mark 10, Ephesians 5, et. al.). The procreation of children is not in itself the sole purpose of marriage,
but a marriage without the desire for children, and the prayer to God to bear and nurture them, is contrary to the 'sacrament of love.’"