In the early Church, great feasts were begun with a vigil the previous night which continued through the morning when Holy Mass was offered.
Saturday anticipatory Masses didn’t occur before Vatican II. Major feasts had a penitential vigil often accompanied by Fasting and/or Abstinence, but the vigil Masses were said in the morning and didn’t count for the Sunday obligation. There were Vigil Masses for Christmas, the Ascension, Pentecost, St. John the Baptist, Sts. Peter & Paul, St. Lawrence, and the Assumption. Correct me if I missed any.
Masses weren’t celebrated in the afternoon or evening until 1953. The Eucharistic Fast until 1953 was no food or drink from midnight.
Saturday anticipatory Masses counting for the Sunday obligation began around 1965. It was originally, correct me if I’m wrong, meant for those who couldn’t make it to Mass on Sunday (cops, hospital workers, et cetera). However, it eventually became okay for anyone to fulfill their Sunday obligation at the Saturday anticipatory Mass. The Saturday anticipatory Mass can begin any time after Vespers. In most American diocese, this is about 4:00pm. Any Mass after this time until Sunday midnight counts for the Sunday obligation.
By the way, most of the time the Saturday anticipatory Mass is not a Vigil Mass. A Vigil Mass has it’s own propers (readings, prayers, et cetera). Most Saturday anticipatory Masses just use the propers of the following day. In the Novus Ordo Missal, there are proper Vigil Masses for Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, the Ascension, Pentecost, St. John the Baptist, Sts. Peter & Paul, and the Assumption. Again, correct me if I missed any.