I won’t discuss the Biblical verses with you on this thread (maybe on another) for fear of derailing it entirely. But regarding some of your other comments, at the risk of stereotyping myself, all I can say is “Oy”! Now, it is true that modern Karaite Jews do not accept the Oral Law (Talmud), only the Written Law (Torah), and also true that the Jewish sects of ancient times–Sadducees, Essenes, Pharisees–did have diverse views on a whole bunch of issues. However, the Pharisees won the heart and soul of the people, and modern Judaism is defined within the Pharisaic tradition. That means Judaism accepts the whole Law, including Oral Tradition. The evolution of Catholicism is not all that different in this respect. I’m not sure exactly what you mean when you say Judaism HAS a religion, or religions.** Perhaps you’re referring to the idea that identifying oneself as Jewish, for some, goes beyond a religious classification and incorporates a cultural, historical identity as a people.** That I agree with. Judaism is also thought of as a way of life, as is Christianity. However, it most definitely is a religion as well, more orthoprax than orthodox compared to Catholicism, but nonetheless consisting of core beliefs, sacramental rituals, holidays, practices, and customs. And no one “makes it up as they go along.” We may interpret the Torah Law differently, according to the context of the beliefs of our particular branch, but we must remain consistent with the moral principles of the faith.