(Entering nitpick mode

) And yes, King David’s dance before the Ark is brought up as a classic prooftext for liturgical dancing.
Yes, dancing in Israelite culture, while not described in detail by the Biblical writers, is apparently a form of celebratory ritual that went hand-in-hand with music; religious and secular feasts are celebrations accompanied with song and dance. Celebratory occasions like birthdays (Matthew 14:6; Mark 6:21-22), weddings (Jeremiah 31:22; Matthew 11:17; Luke 7:32), and family reunions (Luke 15:25) are all marked by dancing. Unlike Egyptian culture, which reserves the dance for mourning and burial, the Israelites associated it with times of joy.
Overwhelmingly, however, dance is associated with religious, cultic events. The prophets of Ba’al performed a “leaping dance” (wayəfassəḥû) before the altar to beseech their god (1 Kings 18:26); the Israelites danced before the golden calf (Exodus 32:6, 18-19); David danced when the Ark was being brought to Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6:1-23; 1 Chronicles 13:1-14; 15:1-29); dancing in praise of Yhwh is also referenced (Psalm 26:6; 87:7; 149:3; 150:4). It has even been observed that the local manifestation of Ba’al in Lebanon is
Ba’al Marqad, “Ba’al of the Dance” and that another Ba’al,
Ba’al-Tzaphon (aka Ba’al-zephon) is depicted in one cylinder seal ‘skipping’ from mountain to mountain.
Two types of cultic dancing appear to be the exclusive province of women: women danced in celebration of an Israelite victory in battle - warfare being a sacred activity for the Israelites (Exodus 15:20-21; Judges 11:34; 1 Samuel 18:6-7; Judith 15:12-13), and as part of a cultic revel at the annual fall vineyard festival (Judges 21:19-21; Jeremiah 31:12-13). In fact, the root word of
Pesach or ‘Passover’ is the Hebrew verb
pāsaḥ (
piel stem), ‘to perform a limping dance.’ Dancing also appears as an antithesis to mourning (Psalm 30:11 (12); Ecclesiastes 3:4; Lamentations 5:15): since mourning was a highly ritualized behavior in Israelite and other Semitic cultures, the dance juxtaposed to it would have been a ritualized ceremony as well.
And it was told to David, saying, “Yhwh has blessed the house of Obed-edom and all that he owns because of the ark of Elohim.” So David went and brought up the ark of Elohim from the house of Obed-edom to David’s-City with gladness. And it came to pass, when those bearing the ark of Yhwh had gone six steps, that he sacrificed an ox and a fatling calf.
And David was hopping (
məḵarəkēr)
with all his strength before Yhwh - and David was girded with a linen ephod. And David and all [the house] of Yisrael brought up the ark of Yhwh with shouting and with the sound of the
shofar. And as the ark of Yhwh came into David’s-City, Mikal bat-Sha’ul looked out the window and saw the king David leaping (
məfazzēz, “showing agility”) and hopping before Yhwh; and she despised him in her heart. They brought the ark of Yhwh and put it in its place in the middle of the tent that David had spread out for it. Then David offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before Yhwh. And when David had finished offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of Yhwh-of-Armies. And he handed out to all the people, to all the throng of Israel, both the women and the men, to everyone a loaf of bread, and one date-cake, and one raisin-cake. And all the people went, each to his house.
And David returned to bless his house - and Mikal bat-Sha’ul came out to meet David, and said, “How the king of Israel has honoured himself this day, uncovering himself today in the eyes of the slave girls of his servants, as one of the foolish shamelessly uncovers himself!” And David said to Mikal, “It was before the face of Yhwh, who chose me over your father and all his house and appointed me as ruler over the nation of Yhwh, over Yisrael; Therefore I will laugh before the face of Yhwh, and I will shame myself still more than this and I will be lowly in my eyes! But with the slave girls of whom you have spoken, with them I will be held in honor.” Therefore Mikal bat-Sha’ul had no children until the day of her death.
The interesting thing here is that the word used in 2 Samuel 6,
karar (literally “to hop”), actually appears only in this passage - in 1 Chronicles 15:29 David is said to have been “skipping” (
məraqqēḏ) and “laughing” (
məś[sup]a[/sup]ḥēq, also ‘to make sport’, ‘to celebrate’, ‘to play [an instrument, sing, dance]’). While as mentioned, there are other passages in the Old Testament which talk of dance (Exodus 15:20, 32:19; Judges 11:34; 21:21; 1 Samuel 18:6, 21:11, 29:5; Song of Songs 6:13; Jeremiah 31:13), the word used in many of those passages is
məḥōlah (from a root word meaning “to whirl”) - which usually signifies the ‘round dance’ commonly performed by women. (As an aside, David’s dance is interpreted by some to be a vestigial remnant of a nomadic custom when transferring a sacred object from one place to the other.)
Sometimes I can’t help but wonder. If we are going to use David, why don’t we also use the Baalite prophets and the Israelites before the golden calf?
