I think that’s a good and interesting question. I think some of the problem arises because there are different aspects to the Old Covenant. There’s the law, the ceremonies, the sacrificial system, the relationship… And then we have issues revolving around what, exactly, do we mean by “abolished.”
For instance, the Old Covenant (Mosaic) sacrificial system was certainly abolished in the specific form under which it was originally practiced. The Jewish temple no longer even exists, so that much is obvious. Yet, as Cardinal Dulles has also noted, “the priesthood, the temple, and the sacrifices are not extinct; they survive in a super-eminent way in Christ and the Church.” (
firstthings.com/article/2008/08/the-covenant-with-israel—42 ) There is a continuity, an organic connection between the Old and the New. And so, in that sense, perhaps the word “abolished” is insufficient or potentially misleading by itself.
The word “abolish” can imply an absolute break or annihilation. Perhaps this is why the Church seems to generally prefer speaking in terms of “fulfillment” – because it conveys continuity rather than rupture (not simply because the hierarchy is seeking “euphemisms”, as some charge). As the Vatican document
Guidelines and Suggestions for Implementing the Conciliar Declaration “Nostra Aetate” (n. 4) notes, there are elements of continuity as well as some “original” elements to be found in the New Covenant. But the Church emphasizes the organic continuity between the covenants.
God’s concern for the Jewish people - the relationship – is also something that continues and was not “abolished” by the commencement of the New Covenant. God’s ongoing concern for the Jews as a people - Israel according to the flesh - is “because of the fathers” of Israel. (Romans 11:28-29) And it is manifested in various ways today. Yet, that relationship is not salvific by itself; it finds its ultimate fulfillment in and through Jesus Christ and His Church. God has not given the Jewish people their own path to salvation. Like all men, they need the Jewish Messiah and His Church.
As stated in Dominus Iesus:
There’s an article I wrote with my friend, David Palm, about this issue. It’s not exhaustive, but it does address a good deal of this. The Church seems to be grappling with some of the details and precise language. But Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Ratzinger) provided some very helpful material on this issue in his books “Many Religions – One Covenant” and “God and the World.”
Here’s a link to the article:
cuf.org/Laywitness/LWonline/ja09forrest.asp