Old Earth vs. Young Earth

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Human mutation rate revealed
Code:
               Next-generation sequencing provides the most accurate estimate to date.
Every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates 100–200 new mutations, according to a DNA-sequencing analysis of the Y chromosome.
 
I think this is what most of us who believe in old Earth believe in. It is called Theistic Evolution and was supported by Blessed John Paul the Great.
That is not accurate.

"In his encyclical Humani Generis (1950), my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation, provided that we do not lose sight of certain fixed points.

"For my part, when I received the participants in the plenary assembly of your Academy on October 31, 1992, I used the occasion—and the example of Gallileo—to draw attention to the necessity of using a rigorous hermeneutical approach in seeking a concrete interpretation of the inspired texts. It is important to set proper limits to the understanding of Scripture, excluding any unseasonable interpretations which would make it mean something which it is not intended to mean. In order to mark out the limits of their own proper fields, theologians and those working on the exegesis of the Scripture need to be well informed regarding the results of the latest scientific research.

"4. Taking into account the scientific research of the era, and also the proper requirements of theology, the encyclical Humani Generis treated the doctrine of “evolutionism” as a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and serious study, alongside the opposite hypothesis. Pius XII added two methodological conditions for this study: one could not adopt this opinion as if it were a certain and demonstrable doctrine, and one could not totally set aside the teaching Revelation on the relevant questions. He also set out the conditions on which this opinion would be compatible with the Christian faith—a point to which I shall return.

"Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis.* In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studies—which was neither planned nor sought—constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory.

"What is the significance of a theory such as this one? To open this question is to enter into the field of epistemology. A theory is a meta-scientific elaboration, which is distinct from, but in harmony with, the results of observation. With the help of such a theory a group of data and independent facts can be related to one another and interpreted in one comprehensive explanation. The theory proves its validity by the measure to which it can be verified. It is constantly being tested against the facts; when it can no longer explain these facts, it shows its limits and its lack of usefulness, and it must be revised.

"Moreover, the elaboration of a theory such as that of evolution, while obedient to the need for consistency with the observed data, must also involve importing some ideas from the philosophy of nature.

“And to tell the truth, rather than speaking about the theory of evolution, it is more accurate to speak of the theories of evolution. The use of the plural is required here—in part because of the diversity of explanations regarding the mechanism of evolution, and in part because of the diversity of philosophies involved. There are materialist and reductionist theories, as well as spiritualist theories. Here the final judgment is within the competence of philosophy and, beyond that, of theology.”

The final judgment rests with philosophy and theology.

Peace,
Ed
 
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Dr. Anthony Rizzi, founder and director of the Institute for Advanced Physics, gained worldwide recognition in theoretical physics by solving an 80- year old problem in Einstein’s theory. With physics degrees from MIT and Princeton, he has been senior scientist for the California Institute of Technology at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and adjunct professor at LSU and has participated in NASA experiments. Dr. Rizzi’s over 20 year career in physics is complemented by his continual study of philosophy during that period. He has been an invited speaker at Prof. Ralph McInerny’s Thomist Institute at The University of Notre Dame. Dr. Rizzi is author of The Science Before Science: A Guide to Thinking in the 21st Century which has achieved a Barnes & Noble Booksellers online sales ranking of 155. He has been interviewed on EWTN, FOCUS Worldwide Network with Archbishop Hannan, Zenit News Agency, an NPR affiliate, classic rock radio and various other television, radio and print media.
 
That is not accurate.

"In his encyclical Humani Generis (1950), my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation, provided that we do not lose sight of certain fixed points.

"For my part, when I received the participants in the plenary assembly of your Academy on October 31, 1992, I used the occasion—and the example of Gallileo—to draw attention to the necessity of using a rigorous hermeneutical approach in seeking a concrete interpretation of the inspired texts. It is important to set proper limits to the understanding of Scripture, excluding any unseasonable interpretations which would make it mean something which it is not intended to mean. In order to mark out the limits of their own proper fields, theologians and those working on the exegesis of the Scripture need to be well informed regarding the results of the latest scientific research.

"4. Taking into account the scientific research of the era, and also the proper requirements of theology, the encyclical Humani Generis treated the doctrine of “evolutionism” as a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and serious study, alongside the opposite hypothesis. Pius XII added two methodological conditions for this study: one could not adopt this opinion as if it were a certain and demonstrable doctrine, and one could not totally set aside the teaching Revelation on the relevant questions. He also set out the conditions on which this opinion would be compatible with the Christian faith—a point to which I shall return.

"Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis.* In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studies—which was neither planned nor sought—constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory.

"What is the significance of a theory such as this one? To open this question is to enter into the field of epistemology. A theory is a meta-scientific elaboration, which is distinct from, but in harmony with, the results of observation. With the help of such a theory a group of data and independent facts can be related to one another and interpreted in one comprehensive explanation. The theory proves its validity by the measure to which it can be verified. It is constantly being tested against the facts; when it can no longer explain these facts, it shows its limits and its lack of usefulness, and it must be revised.

"Moreover, the elaboration of a theory such as that of evolution, while obedient to the need for consistency with the observed data, must also involve importing some ideas from the philosophy of nature.

“And to tell the truth, rather than speaking about the theory of evolution, it is more accurate to speak of the theories of evolution. The use of the plural is required here—in part because of the diversity of explanations regarding the mechanism of evolution, and in part because of the diversity of philosophies involved. There are materialist and reductionist theories, as well as spiritualist theories. Here the final judgment is within the competence of philosophy and, beyond that, of theology.”

The final judgment rests with philosophy and theology.

Peace,
Ed
This letter does illustrate the problem with the misapplication of evolution: People who ignore the fact than man has a soul, and that evolution is simply our best understanding of what God did when He created all living things.

God gave us a rational soul. Part of that is the ability to reason - the ability to observe the work of His Hands and marvel at His Power and the poetry He wrote into every particle of the universe. What science has taught us is that there is in fact an underlying order to the universe, that we can understand it and learn its laws. The thought of a creator who snaps His fingers and makes things instantly is something that anyone can comprehend. How much greater is the Creator who builds a universe where His creatures can come to understand His Work. How much greater than His creation is God? Point to the furthest star, set burning billions of years ago. To our limited minds, this seems an incomprehensible distance of time and space. To God, these stretches are nothing. But when we see His signature written into the very fabric of our universe as it unfolds across scales of time and space that should make our short lives on this one small planet around an unremarkable yellow dwarf pale to insignificance, and remember that He became incarnate as one of us - as a descendant of Adam, whose arms were shaped by the need to swing from tree to tree, whose legs were shaped by the need to move quickly across the savannah while still seeing danger from far away, whose body carries marks of mute animal ancestors long since gone to dust - how can we not fall to our knees in grateful adoration of His Love for such lowly things as us?
 
This letter does illustrate the problem with the misapplication of evolution: People who ignore the fact than man has a soul, and that evolution is simply our best understanding of what God did when He created all living things.

God gave us a rational soul. Part of that is the ability to reason - the ability to observe the work of His Hands and marvel at His Power and the poetry He wrote into every particle of the universe. What science has taught us is that there is in fact an underlying order to the universe, that we can understand it and learn its laws. The thought of a creator who snaps His fingers and makes things instantly is something that anyone can comprehend. How much greater is the Creator who builds a universe where His creatures can come to understand His Work. How much greater than His creation is God? Point to the furthest star, set burning billions of years ago. To our limited minds, this seems an incomprehensible distance of time and space. To God, these stretches are nothing. But when we see His signature written into the very fabric of our universe as it unfolds across scales of time and space that should make our short lives on this one small planet around an unremarkable yellow dwarf pale to insignificance, and remember that He became incarnate as one of us - as a descendant of Adam, whose arms were shaped by the need to swing from tree to tree, whose legs were shaped by the need to move quickly across the savannah while still seeing danger from far away, whose body carries marks of mute animal ancestors long since gone to dust - how can we not fall to our knees in grateful adoration of His Love for such lowly things as us?
“swing from tree to tree”? Before his legs were shaped “by the need to move quickly,” how did he survive fast, climbing predators?

Sound pretty speculative to me.

Peace,
Ed
 
“swing from tree to tree”? Before his legs were shaped “by the need to move quickly,” how did he survive fast, climbing predators?

Sound pretty speculative to me.

Peace,
Ed
The same way primates do today: By being just a little bit faster than the other guy.
 
We were primates yet we still have primates? The level of speculation is still too high.

Peace,
Ed
I can answer that one. Nobody claims we come from a primape still alive today. That wouldn’t make any sense. We come from a different species of ape. The reason it’s not around today is because it’s us. Had we come from gorrilla’s we wouldn’t see Gorrillas, because they would all be humans. Really the whole “if we come from monkey’s why are monkey’s still around” argument is probably one of the easiest to refute.
 
Chimpanzee?

10-10-2008 17:12 | Dr Richard Buggs
From 1964 to 2004, it was believed that humans are almost identical to apes at the genetic level. Ten years ago, we thought that the information coded in our DNA is 98.5% the same as that coded in chimpanzee DNA. This led some scientists to claim that humans are simply another species of chimpanzee. They argued that humans did not have a special place in the world, and that chimpanzees should have the same ’rights’ as humans.

…We also find places where two pieces of human genome align with only one piece of chimp genome, or two pieces of chimp genome align with one piece of human genome. This ”copy number variation” causes another 2.7% difference between the two species. Therefore the total similarity of the genomes could be below 70%.
 
Chimpanzee?

10-10-2008 17:12 | Dr Richard Buggs
From 1964 to 2004, it was believed that humans are almost identical to apes at the genetic level. Ten years ago, we thought that the information coded in our DNA is 98.5% the same as that coded in chimpanzee DNA. This led some scientists to claim that humans are simply another species of chimpanzee. They argued that humans did not have a special place in the world, and that chimpanzees should have the same ’rights’ as humans.

…We also find places where two pieces of human genome align with only one piece of chimp genome, or two pieces of chimp genome align with one piece of human genome. This ”copy number variation” causes another 2.7% difference between the two species. Therefore the total similarity of the genomes could be below 70%.
Thank you, buffalo, for providing a lot of very good information. Again, I don’t see science at work here but the promotion of an ideology, which we will see again after this thread ends. Keep up the good work.

Best,
Ed
 
Thank you, buffalo, for providing a lot of very good information. Again, I don’t see science at work here but the promotion of an ideology, which we will see again after this thread ends. Keep up the good work.

Best,
Ed
You might want to read the rest of his paper, instead of prooftexting out of context: here. There’s also an explanation and analysis of the various numbers given for the how closely humans and chimpanzees are related here.

Confession time: Young-earth creationist arguments have always gotten under my skin. Mostly because - from my point of view - they rely on God wanting to willingly deceive mankind by planting false evidence pointing to an earth that is billions of years old as some sort of test to see if we would disregard the powers of reasoning He granted us.

Based on the amounts of decay products from radioactive materials found in our crust, either the earth is billions of years old, or the decay rate changed radically in the past 6000 years, which would have caused a background radiation level more than 300 times higher than the lethal dose for humans.

We also have the Oklo reactor - a naturally-formed nuclear reactor whose decay products show us that it was active 1.7 billion years ago. We see there isotopes that can only form through the decay of uranium fission products. Why don’t we see natural reactors active today? Because the decay rate of U235 is such that the necessary concentrations for natural fission - barring the presence of heavy water or graphite as neutron moderators - haven’t been present for millions of years.

Those who accept evidence of an old earth are often accused of reducing God to a “God of the gaps”. I do no such thing, but to me it seems that those who argue for a young earth turn God from a Creator of sublime artistry into a malicious magician, trying to trap us silly humans with such things as rocks showing ages of 4 billion years. I know that’s not what those of you arguing for a young earth are trying to do - I’m simply trying to explain why I argue so vehemently for the use of our God-given reason instead of throwing it aside.
 
You might want to read the rest of his paper, instead of prooftexting out of context: here. There’s also an explanation and analysis of the various numbers given for the how closely humans and chimpanzees are related here.

Confession time: Young-earth creationist arguments have always gotten under my skin. Mostly because - from my point of view - they rely on God wanting to willingly deceive mankind by planting false evidence pointing to an earth that is billions of years old as some sort of test to see if we would disregard the powers of reasoning He granted us.

Based on the amounts of decay products from radioactive materials found in our crust, either the earth is billions of years old, or the decay rate changed radically in the past 6000 years, which would have caused a background radiation level more than 300 times higher than the lethal dose for humans.

We also have the Oklo reactor - a naturally-formed nuclear reactor whose decay products show us that it was active 1.7 billion years ago. We see there isotopes that can only form through the decay of uranium fission products. Why don’t we see natural reactors active today? Because the decay rate of U235 is such that the necessary concentrations for natural fission - barring the presence of heavy water or graphite as neutron moderators - haven’t been present for millions of years.

Those who accept evidence of an old earth are often accused of reducing God to a “God of the gaps”. I do no such thing, but to me it seems that those who argue for a young earth turn God from a Creator of sublime artistry into a malicious magician, trying to trap us silly humans with such things as rocks showing ages of 4 billion years. I know that’s not what those of you arguing for a young earth are trying to do - I’m simply trying to explain why I argue so vehemently for the use of our God-given reason instead of throwing it aside.
Yes, the deceiver God. I know I’ll be seeing that again and again and again. When did the first radioactive material form on earth? By what means? I’m in favor of reason too, that’s why threads like this help me to look for other reasonable explanations. And the other thing that motivates me is comments like “nothing is ever proven in science.” If I was a juror in a court of law, could I ever reach a verdict? Of course not. But here, it’s all set in concrete. Like Jesus didn’t raise the dead or remove leprosy or give sight to the blind with zero science or technology. Did He deceive us as well? Of course not. Being God, He did things only God can do.

Sure, we have technology now that can help people, but God does not deceive and the same God of the Old Testament is the same God of the new.

biblehub.com/john/5-46.htm

I’m not here to argue for the sake of arguing or for the sake of being unreasonable, but that little wafer at Mass, at Communion - what is it?

Peace,
Ed
 
The Trinity, the Eucharist and much of our Faith is well known to be Mystery.

Faith and Reason are (will be) one. Our capacity to comprehend or understand that is an ongoing process. It does seem like often we take one step forward and two steps back but we are getting there. I’m sure there’s more mystery to come. The more we learn, the more we learn how little we know.
 
Let’s assume that your view of human development is correct: We were created exactly as we are, and all homonid remains are humans. Why is it that we only find the freaks with large brow-ridges, small cranial capacity, and increasingly primitive characteristics the older the remains “appear to be”? Were the vast bulk of Adam’s children fit only for a freak show?

That’s the mark of a good scientific theory: It makes testable predictions that turn out to be correct. Theistic evolution predicts almost exactly what we find. Young-earth creationism predicts that we should find anatomically modern human remains throughout all strata, but we don’t.
but i just said that scientists have discovered that bone is added to during the life of the animal or person. so what makes you think we would look the same after 2.5 million years of development.
the freaks with large brow ridges might have grown them as a response to heat or cold to protect the brain. the period of human development on earth, the last 2.5 million years was also marked by 20 ice-ages. we often think that things must be as we see them right now but they never are really. your dog and bird molt and grows thick fur in response to the seasons. your nose grows all your life. similarly humans during their lifespan can grow thick brow ridges its as simple as calcium being deposited on calcium.

i could imagine that the first humans were small theres no reason to be big. brain function is not size dependent but connection dependent. your child is not primitive because his head is smaller than yours.

i tell you what. you find me a primitive human skull, complete, and link me to photos of it showing as many views of it as possible and i’ll reconstruct it and we’ll see what they might have looked like in life and if we think they are primitive. is it a deal?
 
A new earth does not mean our earth will be destroyed. A new earth means a New Church. The earth is a church because it is where the Holy Word is, and lived by. The old earth (church) is fill with heresies, and false ideas about God, and needs to be destroyed. Not the earth itself, but the church that signifies the earth with its heresies has to be destroyed. There are other place that signifies a church. A person’s house signifies a church because there is where the Holy Word is read, and lived by. Any home that has the Holy Word of God in it (Bible), and not lived by, is not a church, because repentance,charity, and the good works of charity are being rejected by that church. Such are the Protestants. I hope all of you have an understanding.

Harry:wave:
 
so if it was a young earth what would you see. long processes speeded up. so you’d expect to see evidence of speed.
less fossils because theres just less time for creatures to live in. so you’d expect to see much fewer fossils compared to sediment.
sediment should be like dendrochronology, you could follow the teeth of each generation of animal down through the layers of sediment and get a very precise measurement of the age of every rock…
 
You might want to read the rest of his paper, instead of prooftexting out of context: here. There’s also an explanation and analysis of the various numbers given for the how closely humans and chimpanzees are related here.

Confession time: Young-earth creationist arguments have always gotten under my skin. Mostly because - from my point of view - they rely on God wanting to willingly deceive mankind by planting false evidence pointing to an earth that is billions of years old as some sort of test to see if we would disregard the powers of reasoning He granted us.

Based on the amounts of decay products from radioactive materials found in our crust, either the earth is billions of years old, or the decay rate changed radically in the past 6000 years, which would have caused a background radiation level more than 300 times higher than the lethal dose for humans.

We also have the Oklo reactor - a naturally-formed nuclear reactor whose decay products show us that it was active 1.7 billion years ago. We see there isotopes that can only form through the decay of uranium fission products. Why don’t we see natural reactors active today? Because the decay rate of U235 is such that the necessary concentrations for natural fission - barring the presence of heavy water or graphite as neutron moderators - haven’t been present for millions of years.

Those who accept evidence of an old earth are often accused of reducing God to a “God of the gaps”. I do no such thing, but to me it seems that those who argue for a young earth turn God from a Creator of sublime artistry into a malicious magician, trying to trap us silly humans with such things as rocks showing ages of 4 billion years. I know that’s not what those of you arguing for a young earth are trying to do - I’m simply trying to explain why I argue so vehemently for the use of our God-given reason instead of throwing it aside.
The deceiver God argument is bogus. First off, He is under no obligation to disclose everything. Second, science by its own definition is limited to our 5 senses, 3 dimensions and time. Human reasoning of our observations is suspect and must be challenged continually or we lapse into believing our own story telling.

Again, if one sees only left footprints on the beach as far as he can see should he conclude a deceiver was at work?

Much of this “false evidence” is subject to revision. One recent example is moon cratering. The paradigm was the craters were produced eons ago. Now we see that with the aid of a 10X telescope impacts occur routinely. Is this an example of “false evidence” planted by God? :hmmm:

Actually, we should all be gratified that there exists a “tension” between the various camps. They both have to hone their skills and contribute to us reasoning the truth. Should we be close minded to the truth because base assumptions with an a priori bias are sold to us daily? An open minded person wouldn’t.

Going back to the beach example -so we speculate and come up with several ways the left footprints are visible. We walk down the beach and we see a guy sitting on the dune. We ask him for his opinion. He shares with us they are his own footprints. As to why we only see left ones? He was walking at the water’s edge and the right ones were washed away. No deception here at all. It is just we were not there to observe how they were made. Do we trust him?
 
Yes, the deceiver God. I know I’ll be seeing that again and again and again. When did the first radioactive material form on earth? By what means?
The oldest radioactive material on earth is actually older than earth itself: Uranium 238. Its half-life is roughly 4.5 billion years, which means we can use it to date something nearly as old as the universe itself. It formed the same way that every naturally-occurring element heavier than iron did: In the final, spectacular seconds of a star’s life as it went supernova. The way that we can tell how much radioactive material was originally in a given sample is that we know what these elements become as they decay (for uranium, it’s a particular isotope of lead), and we can use the amounts of those “daughter” materials to figure out how much of the original material there was.
I’m in favor of reason too, that’s why threads like this help me to look for other reasonable explanations. And the other thing that motivates me is comments like “nothing is ever proven in science.” If I was a juror in a court of law, could I ever reach a verdict? Of course not. But here, it’s all set in concrete. Like Jesus didn’t raise the dead or remove leprosy or give sight to the blind with zero science or technology. Did He deceive us as well? Of course not. Being God, He did things only God can do.
When scientists say that “nothing is ever proven”, what is meant is that we use the best models we have available, but if new observations come along which definitively overturn that model then we start looking for a new one. For example, Newton’s model of gravity vs. Einstein’s: The Newtonian model, while useful for simple situations, consistently gave errors when calculating where Mercury should appear in relation to the Sun during an eclipse, if the position was within a certain arc length from our point of view. Einstein gave us a new model, and that model - because it took the bending of light rays by the Sun’s gravity well into account - gave correct predictions of Mercury’s position, as verified by observation. But even Einstein’s model has problems, because it breaks down under certain conditions, so we’re still looking for a model of gravity that can give correct predictions under all circumstances. When one says that something is “proven” in a scientific context, it means that we know absolutely everything about it with 100% certainty, and no further research is necessary or even useful.

Of course God can perform miracles - He’s God. But why would He perform miracles in such a way that we would see false evidence as true? Genesis isn’t a scientific treatise - it’s the account of the beginning of salvation history. It tells us what God did, but very little about how He did it. Faith can tell us the who and what of creation, and reason can give us the how. Scripture is silent about how God formed Adam - it only says that He did, and the materials that He used. Physical anthropology tells us how God shaped the “dust of the earth” through the millenia, culminating in the gift of the breath of life - a rational soul - to our first father, Adam. Adam is the only creature to whom God gives the “breath of life”, so it must be something other than the biological processes we call “life”, because we see other living things all around us.
Sure, we have technology now that can help people, but God does not deceive and the same God of the Old Testament is the same God of the new.

biblehub.com/john/5-46.htm
And I believe every word that is in Genesis. What I don’t do is mistake the history of our salvation for a scientific treatise on biology, geology, and cosmology. The technology we have now is based on the same principles that we use to determine things like the age of the earth. If we’ve gotten the age of the earth wrong because of variable radioactive decay rates, than radiation therapy couldn’t work - both are based on the same model. Not to mention that - like I said above - the amount of daughter isotopes we can detect tell that, for that much decay to have occurred in only 6,000 years, our first parents would have been exposed to over 300 times the lethal limit of radiation. Not could-someday-cause-cancer lethal, but instantly lethal.
I’m not here to argue for the sake of arguing or for the sake of being unreasonable, but that little wafer at Mass, at Communion - what is it?

Peace,
Ed
That is Our Lord - Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity - hidden under the appearance of bread.
 
The deceiver God argument is bogus. First off, He is under no obligation to disclose everything. Second, science by its own definition is limited to our 5 senses, 3 dimensions and time. Human reasoning of our observations is suspect and must be challenged continually or we lapse into believing our own story telling.
But when we take the results of our reason, and see that they work for things like nuclear reactors and radiation therapy, and find that applying those exact same rules to the problem of earth’s age gives a result that is - according to your model - wrong, what should we conclude? We know how much radiation has been released over the earth’s lifetime. If the rate changes to fit a 6,000-year timeline, then the dosage of radiation received by our first parents would have killed them instantly. If the amount of radiation released is incorrect, then either our model of how radiation works is incorrect and nuclear power stations, atomic bombs, and radiation therapy don’t really work at all or God planted the “daughter” isotopes that we see in such amounts that we would come to a false conclusion about how much original material was present. There are only four terms to the equation: Remaining = Original - (rate of decay x time). We can measure the original amount from the daughter isotopes. We can directly measure the rate of decay and the amount of material remaining. From those terms, we can calculate time. Which term is incorrect?
Again, if one sees only left footprints on the beach as far as he can see should he conclude a deceiver was at work?
No, but neither should he conclude that he is a monoped without supporting evidence. If the revelator tells us something specific about the physical universe in the context of imparting physical knowledge, we should see clear evidence supporting it - such as looking down and seeing two feet.
Much of this “false evidence” is subject to revision. One recent example is moon cratering. The paradigm was the craters were produced eons ago. Now we see that with the aid of a 10X telescope impacts occur routinely. Is this an example of “false evidence” planted by God? :hmmm:
The “paradigm” never said that there were no more impacts on the moon after a given point. In fact, there are records of an abbey in Canterbury describing a fairly spectacular lunar impact event in 1178.
Actually, we should all be gratified that there exists a “tension” between the various camps. They both have to hone their skills and contribute to us reasoning the truth. Should we be close minded to the truth because base assumptions with an a priori bias are sold to us daily? An open minded person wouldn’t.

Going back to the beach example -so we speculate and come up with several ways the left footprints are visible. We walk down the beach and we see a guy sitting on the dune. We ask him for his opinion. He shares with us they are his own footprints. As to why we only see left ones? He was walking at the water’s edge and the right ones were washed away. No deception here at all. It is just we were not there to observe how they were made. Do we trust him?
Of course. But if he tells us that the water washed them away, then we should find water. If we find no water, then is he still worthy of trust, or was he referring to something else?
 
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