Old Testament - seven extra books in Catholic Bibles

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First, if the canon was already set from 400 AD, why do Roman Catholics and Orthodox have different canons???

Second, If the canon was set from 400 AD, why do lists after that vary excluding some or all the deutoros?
I can’t answer for our Orthodox, I can only tell you what the Catholic Church has used for the Canon since 390. Do the Councils of Hippo and Carthage use the 7 books? If so, than it is incongruous to say it was added at Trent.

But when did the Orthodox add these books of the bible? Was it after the Reformation as well?
Third, Hopefully we all agree what constitutes Holy Scripture is books/epistles that were written under the inspiration of God. The deutoeros themselves state they are not written by Prophets, but rather written when prophets ceased to be for a time.
But that is not the point of your thread. Your thread states that we added them at Trent or later. I’ve seen no evidence whatsoever.
 
I was taught that we use the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament (the Septuagint) that includes the 7 books mentioned in the original post. It was chosen because that is the translation that the Jewish disciples used and is the oldest existing version of the Jewish Old Testament. It wasn’t until Martin Luther that they were removed. He chose to use a translation that came from Hebrew because he thought they would be closer to the original texts (they are called Masoretic texts and were not finalized until AFTER biblical times). However, some of the books only existed in the Greek and not in the Hebrew - hence the missing 7 books.

I will also point out that since the oldest existing versions of the Jewish Old Testament (the Septuagint) include those 7 books it is apparently the correct one, and evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls supports that the Septuagint is the closest to ancient texts.

I was taught this and can’t find my original sources, but here’s a site that lays it out.

geocities.com/aprofaith/bible.htm
 
First, if the canon was already set from 400 AD, why do Roman Catholics and Orthodox have different canons???
Well someone else may be able to explain the difference between east and west.
However for our discussion here let us be clear that The Protestant Reformation split from the Western Church and they did not choose to become Orthodox, but rather “Protestant”. Thus was dealing here with the Catholic Bible as they had it then. That Bible contained the Books canonized at Hippo and Carthage and used from that time on. It was these Authorized and Spirit Guided Councils that determined these books and later councils/] (prior to the reformation) confirmed these books - 73 books in total.
However, the books were removed, not by a council, but by one man. Did this man have greater authority than the entire Christian Church at the time?
Second, If the canon was set from 400 AD, why do lists after that vary excluding some or all the deutoros?
Again I will admit ignorance as to specific lists you might be refering. However, it remains a fact that Authorized Church councils, that is councils of Bishops, determined and later repeatedly confirmed the same OFFICIAL list of Books for the Church.
Third, Hopefully we all agree what constitutes Holy Scripture is books/epistles that were written under the inspiration of God. The deutoeros themselves state they are not written by Prophets, but rather written when prophets ceased to be for a time.
W can agree on this, but only because of the authority of the Catholic Church through whom we have the sacred list in the first place. Without the authority of the Catholic Church, we have no factual basis upon which to assume the canon, as it exist today, is accurate.

Also I assume that we can agree that, in reference to your original post, the Church did not “Add” books at Trent. Rather Luther removed Books.

Peace
James

Peace
James
 
First, if the canon was already set from 400 AD, why do Roman Catholics and Orthodox have different canons???
Because the Church knew that other Churches contained more than the 73 books canonized by Rome.
 
This is false. There is no evidence Jesus nor the Apostles ever quoted the Septuagint. They Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures as well as non-inspired and secular writings
I plagiarized this from the site I posted earlier - here are some quotes that are from the Septuagint.

geocities.com/aprofaith/bible.htm

Heb 11:35, “…Others were tortured, refusing to accept release, that they might find a better resurrection.” The only place in the O.T. that you will find reference to that is 2 Macc 7:1-29. The first half of Heb 11:35 is found in 1 Kings 17:23 and 2 Kings 4:36.

Heb 11:38, “They wandered in deserts and mountains…”
This is found in 1 Macc 2:28-30 and 2 Macc 5:27.

Jn 10:22, “Now there took place at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication…” The inauguration of this feast is found in 1Macc 4:36 & 52-59.

Jn 14:23, “…If anyone love Me, he will keep My word…” This is in Sir 2:18.

Rom 9:21, " is not the potter master of his clay…" Found in Wis 15:7

1Pet 1:6-7, “…gold which is tried by fire…” See Wis 3:5-6

Rom 1:20-23, “For since the creation of the world…” Found in Wis 13:1-7

Mt 7:12, Lk 6:31, “…all that you wish men to do to you, even so do you also to them…” Extension of Tob 4:15

Lk 25 35-36, “I was hungry and you gave me food…I needed clothes and you clothed me.” Based on Tob 4:16.

Rev 21:18, “And the material of its wall was jasper; but the city itself was pure gold, like pure glass.” See Tob 13 end.

Mt 13:43, “Then the just will shine forth…” Found in Wis 3:7

Mt 27:42, “…if He is the King of Israel, let Him come down now from the cross…” See Wis 2:18-20.

Lk 24:4, “…two men stood by them in dazzling raiment.” Found in 2 Macc 3:26.

Rom 11:33, “…How inscrutable are His judgments and how unsearchable are His ways.” Found in Judith 8:14.

1 Cor 10:20, “…they sacrifice to demons, not to God…” Found in Baruch 4:7.
 
I believe Catholics added these books as a counter measure against the split caused by Martin Luther.
🙂 Whomever has led you to believe that is without question in error. If you take the time to do some “actual” research, you will see that the 7 books, knows as the Apocryphal books, have always been a part of the Catholic Bible. In fact, Luther also kept them in his bible, in fact when the KJV was first done…King James demanded that those books be included. The simple truth and reality is: Someone who thinks that they are smarter than God…has removed those books from non-Catholic bibles…and apparently has done so based on their pre-supposed human authority.🙂

Is it possible that your previous post that was deleted…ran afoul of the rules of these forums?
 
The Non-Catholic people are always misinformed of the truth about the Biblical canon
 
I discussed this in another thread, and suddenly the thread was deleted without any given reason. So I’ll try again…

Catholics have seven extra books in their Bible. These books are called “deuterocanonical” They are in the Old Testament. (The New Testament is the same for both Catholics and Protestants.)

The books are: Sirach, Tobit, Wisdom, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, and Baruch, (and longer versions of Daniel and Esther)

I believe Catholics added these books as a counter measure against the split caused by Martin Luther.
No. They were always there. Catholics always had these seven particular books in their Bibles.

Luther, in publishing his translation, put the seven between the Old and New Testaments and left the translating of them largely to Philipp Melanchthon and Justus Jonas. They were not listed in the table of contents of his 1523 Old Testament, and they were given title “Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read” in the 1534 Bible.

The original 1611 King James Version had them and indeed the Book of Common Prayer specifies lectionary readings from the Deuterocanon to be read in Morning and Evening Prayer in October.

There is even evidence that these were considered and widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles, even if they were not accepted as inspired Scripture. By the mid-17th Century, however, Puritan theologians were increasingly uneasy at the intermingling of biblical scripture with popular culture in general, and with the Deuterocanonicals in particular.

Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Deuterocanonical section excluded. After the Restoration in 1660, Dissenters tended to discourage the reading of the Deuteros in both public services and in private devotion.

The standardisation of the text of the KJV after 1769 together with the technological development of Stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print-runs at very low unit prices. For commercial publishers, editions of the KJV without the Deuteros reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers. Eventually, with the rise of the Bible societies in 1827, most editions have omitted the whole section.
 
This is false. There is no evidence Jesus nor the Apostles ever quoted the Septuagint. They Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures as well as non-inspired and secular writings
1.) Well, actually most of the NT writers did. After all, the Septuagint happened to be the one in popular use among Hellenistic Jews, and they, as well as non-Jews happened to be the NT authors’ target audiences (Matthew and the author of the Hebrews, because they wrote to Jewish audiences, often used quotes more closer to the Hebrew wording).

In the 3rd century BC, most Jewish communities were located in the Hellenistic world, where Greek was the lingua franca. It is believed that the Septuagint was produced because many Jews outside of Judea needed a Greek version of the scripture for use during synagogue services or for religious study (a majority of them not knowing Hebrew). The Septuagint enjoyed widespread use in the Hellenistic Jewish diaspora and even in Jerusalem, which had become a rather cosmopolitan (and therefore Greek-speaking) town.

It was only in the 2nd century AD that several factors led most Jews to abandon use of the Septuagint. The earliest gentile Christians of necessity used it, as it was at the time the only Greek version of the bible, and most, if not all, of these early non-Jewish Christians could not read Hebrew. The association of the Septuagint with a rival religion may have rendered it suspect in the eyes of the newer generation of Jews and Jewish scholars.

Perhaps more importantly, Greek declined among Jews after most of them fled from the Greek-speaking eastern Roman Empire into the Aramaic-speaking Persian Empire when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D. Instead, they used Hebrew/Aramaic Targums later compiled by the Masoretes; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.

The translation began to lose Jewish sanction after differences between it and contemporary Hebrew scriptures were discovered. Even Greek-speaking Jews — such as those remaining in Palestine — tended less to the Septuagint, preferring other Jewish versions in Greek, such as that of Aquila or Symmachus or Theodotion, which seemed to be more concordant with contemporary Hebrew texts.

2.) The most widely accepted view today is that the original Septuagint provided a reasonably accurate record of an early Semitic textual variant, now lost, that differed from the ancestors of the Masoretic text. The discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls that agree with the Septuagint rather than the Masoretic Text proved that many of the Greek variants were also present in early Semitic manuscripts.

Here’s a table of Dead Sea Scrolls-Septuagint Alignments Against the Masoretic Text.
 
This is false. There is no evidence Jesus nor the Apostles ever quoted the Septuagint. They Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures as well as non-inspired and secular writings
This is actually the false statement. Protestant authors Gleason Archer and G. C. Chirichigno in their book Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament: A Complete Survey write that 90% of Old Testament quotes that are in the New Testament come from the Septuagint. The Septuagint includes the Deuterocanonical books. This makes perfect sense because the New Testament authors wrote in Greek and the Septuagint was the Old Testament most commonly used at the time by Jews and the one that all Christians used.

Archer, G, & Chirichigno, G. C. (1982). Old testament quotations in the new testament: a complete survey. Chicago, IL: Moody Press.
 
Ginger2,

Read and study the book of Hebrews and you will notice how often the the Septuagint is quoted. This epistle is just one example.

God bless,
ZP
 
This is false. There is no evidence Jesus nor the Apostles ever quoted the Septuagint. They Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures as well as non-inspired and secular writings
Ginger2, please check your facts before making such statements. Do you even know what the word Septuagint came from, and what it means?

The Seputagint was accepted at the same time by the Church when the NT canon was formed. If you can’t trust that the Church knows what is scripture, and what is not, then how do you know your NT is not “non-inspired and secular writings”? On what basis do you accept what you call your “bible” as scripture?

At least have the honesty to admit that these were the books used by the Church up until Luther started hacking away. There were no bibles made before that without containing them. How do you account for that?
The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was repeated by Councils of Carthage in 397 and 419. Pope Damasus I’s Council of Rome in 382 issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above. Damasus’s commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. When these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new, but instead “were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church.” Thus, from the fourth century, there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon (as it is today), and by the fifth century the East, with a few exceptions, had come to accept the Book of Revelation and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon.

All this happened prior to the fourth century.
 
Not quite…

The Catholic Encyclopedia states: The “Protocanonical (are) those sacred writings which have been always received by Christendom without dispute. The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants.”
AND
“[The deuterocanonical (deuteros, “second”) are those whose Scriptural character was contested in some quarters,”

The Catholic Church admits the deuteros were not always universally accepted,- at first they were disputed.

When Jerome added them, he placed them apart from inspired Scriptures stating those 7 books were not of inspired authority as were the rest.

"[COLOR=“DarkGreen”]As the Church reads the books of Judith and Tobit and Maccabees but does not receive them among the canonical Scriptures, so also it reads Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus for the edification of the people, not for the authoritative confirmation of doctrine
."* Jerome(340-420) - Jerome’s preface to the books of Solomon.

Yes, just as several of the NT books were hotly disputed. The Church settled these disputes once and for all, just like she settled the dispute on the Trinity, and the hypostatic union.

I have a question for you Ginger2. If you were to accept the canon as the church closed it in 382, how would that change anything?
 
This is actually the false statement. Protestant authors Gleason Archer and G. C. Chirichigno in their book Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament: A Complete Survey write that 90% of Old Testament quotes that are in the New Testament come from the Septuagint. **The Septuagint includes the Deuterocanonical books. **This makes perfect sense because the New Testament authors wrote in Greek and the Septuagint was the Old Testament most commonly used at the time by Jews and the one that all Christians used.

Archer, G, & Chirichigno, G. C. (1982). Old testament quotations in the new testament: a complete survey. Chicago, IL: Moody Press.
As far as I know the earliest copies of the septuagint we have are Christian, not Jewish copies, that date only as early as around the 4th century. Additionally the different manuscripts that we have access to contain different books. For example, some manuscripts contain 3 and 4 Maccabees or the Psalms of Solomon and some manuscripts such as the codex Vaticanus omit 1 and 2 Maccabees.

Anyway, I don’t think it’s accurate to say “the septuagint contains the deuterocanonical books” because we don’t appear to know exactly what books the septuagint contained before and during the apostolic age and the only copies we have are Christian manuscripts. As I mentioned earlier, these manuscripts are not consistent w/ one another regarding their contents.
 
When Jerome added them, he placed them apart from inspired Scriptures stating those 7 books were not of inspired authority as were the rest.
Yet St. Jerome still added the Deuterocanonical books to the Vulgate. At the time he may have doubted their inspiration but still submitted to the authority of the Church. As a matter of fact, St. Jerome quoted from the Deuterocanonical books.
“What sin have I committed if I follow the judgment of the churches? But he who brings charges against me for relating [in my preface to the book of Daniel] the objections that the Hebrews are wont to raise against the story of Susannah [Dan. 13], the Song of the Three Children [Dan. 3:29–68], and the story of Bel and the Dragon [Dan. 14], which are not found in the Hebrew volume, proves that he is just a foolish sycophant. I was not relating my own personal views, but rather the remarks that they are wont to make against us. If I did not reply to their views in my preface, in the interest of brevity, lest it seem that I was composing not a preface, but a book, I believe I added promptly the remark, for I said, ‘This is not the time to discuss such matters’” (Against Rufinius 11:33 [A.D. 401]).
 
And by the way, let’s see the Deutero’s in detail:

Sirach (aka Ben Sira): A work from the 2nd century BC, originally written in Hebrew; later translated into Greek by the author’s grandson in Egypt, who added a prologue. Occasionally quoted in the Talmud and works of rabbinic literature.

Hebrew copies, dating from the 11th and 12th centuries AD found in the Cairo geniza, together providing the text for about two-thirds of the book; and in the Dead Sea Scrolls (three to be exact), the earliest of which has been dated to the second part of the 1st century BC.

Wisdom of Solomon: Written in Greek, but in a style patterned on that of Hebrew verse. Even though non-canonical in the Jewish tradition, the work was at least known to medieval Jews, as Nahmanides attests; some see elements of the work in certain portions of the Jewish High Holiday liturgy (along with Sirach).

Tobit: Generally held to be written somewhere in the 2nd century BC, with some maintaining that it was really written in the 8th century BC. Probably originally written in Aramaic (it appears that Jerome’s version was made from an Aramaic text available to him), four fragmentary texts in Aramaic and one in Hebrew were found at Qumran.

The surviving Greek translations are found in two versions. The shorter form, called Greek I by Robert Hanhart in his edition of the Septuagint, is found in Codex Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Venetus, and most cursive manuscripts. The Greek II version, which is 1700 words longer, is found in Codex Sinaiticus and closely aligns with the Hebrew and Aramaic fragments discovered in Cave IV at Qumran in 1952.

The Sadducees’ challenge to Jesus of the example of the woman that had seven husbands serially (e.g. Mark 12:20-22) may have been an allusion to a story in the book (Tobit 6:9-17; 7:9-11; 8:1-18).

Judith: Originally written in Hebrew. Though its oldest versions have been translated into Greek and have not been preserved in the original language, its Hebrew origin is revealed in details of vocabulary and phrasing. The extant Hebrew language versions, whether identical to the Greek, or in the shorter Hebrew version which contradicts the longer version in many specific details of the story, are medieval.

1 Maccabees: Probably written in about 100 BC in Hebrew, as can be deduced by a number of Hebrew idioms in the text. Some authors date the original Hebrew text even closer to the events covered, while a few suggest a later date. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if the later date is taken, the author would have to have had access to first-hand reports of the events or other primary sources. The Greek text comes to us in three codices of the Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as some cursives.

The book’s author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of Palestine, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. The words “God” and “Lord” never occur in the text, always being replaced by “Heaven” or “He”.

2 Maccabees: Written in Greek, probably in Alexandria, Egypt, circa 124 BC, claiming to be an abridgement of a 5-volume work by Jason of Cyrene. The book seems to have been influenced by Pharisaic beliefs, which includes prayer for the dead and a resurrection on Judgment Day.

Additions to Daniel:

Bel and the Dragon: Probably written in Aramaic around the late 2nd century BC and translated into Greek in the Septuagint, evidently so unsatisfactory that the early Church opted to substitute Theodotion’s version in its place.

Susanna: The Greek text survives in two versions. The Septuagint’s text appears only in the Codex Chisianus. The version of Theodotion is the one that is more commonly used. There are some pieces of early Christian art which are believed to depict the story.

The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Youths: The Prayer and accompanying Song are not found in the Hebrew/Aramaic text of the Book of Daniel, nor are they cited in any extant ancient Jewish writings. However, the passage does appear in certain ancient witnesses, notably the Greek, Syriac, and Latin. The origins of these writings are obscure. Whether the accounts were originally composed in Hebrew (or Aramaic) or in Greek is uncertain, although many modern scholars conclude on the basis of textual evidence that there was probably an original Semitic edition. The date of composition of these documents is also uncertain, although many scholars favor a date either in the second or first century B.C.

The fourth local council of Toledo in Spain (633) decreed that the hymn be recited in every solemn Mass in that area; the hymn was commonly recited after masses in the medieval Roman Church. The work is a part of the hymn called a canon sung during the Matins and other services in Orthodoxy. It can be found in the Church of England Book of Common Prayer as the canticle called the “Benedicite.” It is also an optional song for Matins in Lutheran liturgies.
 
First, if the canon was already set from 400 AD, why do Roman Catholics and Orthodox have different canons???
Politics and economic changes separated parts of the world. At that time, the only way to get copies was by hand, so the monks in various monasteries copied what they had.
Second, If the canon was set from 400 AD, why do lists after that vary excluding some or all the deutoros?
What lists might those be? Please use those from ecumencal councils, because the opinions of individual scholars,however talented, do not necessarily represent the teaching of the Church.
Third, Hopefully we all agree what constitutes Holy Scripture is books/epistles that were written under the inspiration of God. The deutoeros themselves state they are not written by Prophets, but rather written when prophets ceased to be for a time.
No, I am certain there are many works that are inspired by God that are not in the canon. Most of the books approved by the Church do not say that they are written by a prophet or inspired. The books of Luke and Acts come to mind. Some of the books have no identification of author.

Besides, being a prophet is not a requirement to write scripture. Luke was clearly intending to write an historical account of information that was given to him by the Church. He did not claim to receive any prophesy from God.
 
Baruch: Scholars propose that it was written during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees. Although not in the Hebrew Bible, it is found in the Greek Bible (LXX) and in the Vulgate Bible, and also in Theodotion’s Greek version. In the Vulgate, the King James Bible, and many other versions, the so-called Letter of Jeremiah (aka the Epistle of Jeremy) is appended to the end of the Book of Baruch as a sixth chapter.

The letter (epistle) is included as a discrete unit in the Septuagint. There is no evidence of it ever having been canonical in the Jewish tradition.

The earliest evidence we have of the question of its canonicity arising in Christian tradition is in the work of Origen of Alexandria (ca. 185-ca. 254), as reported by Eusebius in his Church History. Origen listed Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah as one unit with the Book of Jeremiah proper, among “the canonical books as the Hebrews have handed them down.

Additions to Esther: An additional six chapters appear interspersed in Esther in the Septuagint, the Greek translation, which then was noted by Jerome in compiling the Latin Vulgate; additionally, the Greek text contains many small changes in the meaning of the main text. The extra chapters include several prayers to God, perhaps because it was felt that the above-mentioned lack of mention of God was inappropriate in a holy book.

The Council of Trent, the summation of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, declared the entire book, both Hebrew text and Greek additions, to be canonical. The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the Septuagint version of Esther, as it does for all of the Old Testament. The additions are specifically listed in the Thirty-Nine Articles, Article VI, of the Church of England: “The rest of the Book of Esther”.
 
As far as I know the earliest copies of the septuagint we have are Christian, not Jewish copies, that date only as early as around the 4th century. Additionally the different manuscripts that we have access to contain different books. For example, some manuscripts contain 3 and 4 Maccabees or the Psalms of Solomon and some manuscripts such as the codex Vaticanus omit 1 and 2 Maccabees.

Anyway, I don’t think it’s accurate to say “the septuagint contains the deuterocanonical books” because we don’t appear to know exactly what books the septuagint contained before and during the apostolic age and the only copies we have are Christian manuscripts. As I mentioned earlier, these manuscripts are not consistent w/ one another regarding their contents.
The Septuagint wasn’t translated all at once. I think the original “assignment” was to translate just the Pentateuch (the first 5 books of the OT). The rest came about, but not in one sitting, the the first 5 books. But its pretty much understood that the Septuagint by Jesus’ time had all the Catholic OT, I believe Macabees 3&4, as well as Esdras 3&4, if I’m correct.
 
Not quite…

The Catholic Encyclopedia states: The “Protocanonical (are) those sacred writings which have been always received by Christendom without dispute. The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants.”
AND
“[The deuterocanonical (deuteros, “second”) are those whose Scriptural character was contested in some quarters,”
Please, cite the text in context.

Protocanonical (protos, “first”) is a conventional word denoting those sacred writings which have been always received by Christendom without dispute. The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants. The deuterocanonical (deuteros, “second”) are those whose Scriptural character was contested in some quarters, but which long ago gained a secure footing in the Bible of the Catholic Church, though those of the Old Testament are classed by Protestants as the “Apocrypha”. These consist of seven books: Tobias, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, First and Second Machabees; also certain additions to Esther and Daniel.

It should be noted that protocanonical and deuterocanonical are modern terms, not having been used before the sixteenth century. As they are of cumbersome length, the latter (being frequently used in this article) will be often found in the abbreviated form deutero.

The scope of an article on the sacred Canon may now be seen to be properly limited regarding the process of
  • what may be ascertained regarding the process of the collection of the sacred writings into bodies or groups which from their very inception were the objects of a greater or less degree of veneration;
  • the circumstances and manner in which these collections were definitely canonized, or adjudged to have a uniquely Divine and authoritative quality;
  • the vicissitudes which certain compositions underwent in the opinions of individuals and localities before their Scriptural character was universally established.
It is thus seen that canonicity is a correlative of inspiration, being the extrinsic dignity belonging to writings which have been officially declared as of sacred origin and authority. It is antecedently very probable that according as a book was written early or late it entered into a sacred collection and attained a canonical standing. Hence the views of traditionalist and critic (not implying that the traditionalist may not also be critical) on the Canon parallel, and are largely influenced by, their respective hypotheses on the origin of its component members.
The Catholic Church admits the deuteros were not always universally accepted,- at first they were disputed.
Yes – but so were certain books that were finally included in the canon of Scripture; these were all called Antilegomena (literally “spoken against”), in contrast with the Omologoumena, or universally acknowledged writings.

The first church historian, Eusebius, circa AD 303-325, applied the term Antilegomena to the Epistle of James, the Epistle of Jude, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, the Acts of Paul, the Shepherd of Hermas, the Apocalypse of Peter, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Didache, the Apocalypse of John, and the Gospel according to the Hebrews:

Among those things spoken against which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name. Among the rejected writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called Teachings of the Apostles;** and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books.** And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, with which those of the Hebrews that have accepted Christ are especially delighted. And all these may be reckoned among those spoken against.

The Epistle to the Hebrews is also listed earlier:

It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed by the church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul.

Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century manuscript of the Bible, includes the Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabas.

The original Syriac P’shitta excluded 2-3 John, 2 Peter, Jude and Revelation. Some modern editions, such as the Lee P’shitta of 1823, include them.

The term is sometimes applied also to certain books in the Hebrew Bible. There are records in the Mishna of controversy in some Jewish circles during the 2nd century A.D. relative to the canonicity of the Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. Some doubts were expressed about Proverbs during this period as well. The Gemara notes that the book of Ezekiel had also been questioned about its authority until objections to it were settled in 66 A.D. Also, in the first century B.C. the disciples of Shammai contested the canonicity of Ecclesiastes because of its pessimism, whereas the school of Hillel just as vigorously upheld it. ]
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