On the Necessity of Proving Things

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a couple reasons why “scientific empiricism” is not the ultimate source of knowledge.

"Superseded theories
[edit] Biology
Maternal impression –
Miasma theory of disease –.
Preformationism – .
Recapitulation theory –
Spontaneous generation –
Telegony (pregnancy) –[edit]

Chemistry
Classical elements –
Caloric theory
Phlogiston theory – Part of Dalton’s law
Vital essence theory
[edit]

Physics
Emission theory of vision –
Aristotelian theory of gravity –
Aristotelian physics – discredited by Alhacen, al-Biruni, Avicenna, Avempace, al-Baghdadi, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton
Luminiferous aether –
Caloric theory –
“Purely electrostatic” theories of the generation of voltage differences.
Emitter theory –
Progression of atomic theory
Plum pudding model of the atom –
Rutherford model of the atom with an impenetrable nucleus orbitted by electrons.
Bohr model with quantized orbits

Astronomy and cosmology
Ptolemaic system –
Copernican system –
Newtonian gravity –
Ether theory
Steady State Theory
[edit]

Geography and climate
Flat Earth theory.
Hollow Earth theory
The Open Polar Sea,
Rain follows the plow – [edit]

Geology
Continental drift was superseded by plate tectonics
Expanding Earth theory was superseded by subduction
Catastrophism was largely replaced by uniformitarianism

Theory of the four bodily humours –
Eclectic Medicine – .
Physiognomy,
[edit]

Obsolete branches of enquiry
Alchemy, which led to the development of chemistry – alchemy was discredited by al-Kindi, al-Biruni, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun
Astrology, which led to the development of astronomy – astrology was discredited by al-Farabi, Alhacen, al-Biruni, Avicenna and Averroes
Phrenology is considered a pseudoscience
Numerology (as distinct from number theory) is considered a pseudoscience
[edit]

Theories now considered to be incomplete
Here are theories that are no longer considered the most complete representation of reality, but are still useful in particular domains or under certain conditions. For some theories a more complete model is known, but in practical use the coarser approximation provides good results with much less calculation.

Atomic theory initially proposed that Atoms were indivisible, but now it is known that they are composed of subatomic particles.
Nuclei disintegrate at high energy.
Heliocentric universe theory is still used in the coordinate system of celestial mechanics.
Newtonian mechanics was extended by Theory of Relativity and quantum mechanics. It is still the standard tool in engineering and physics at atomic or larger scales and velocities not approaching the speed of light.
Classical electrodynamics approximates quantum electrodynamics.
Bohr model of the atom was extended by the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Newton’s sine-square law for the force of a fluid on a body is no longer considered useful at low speeds, though it has found application in hypersonic flow.
Nice, warpspeed! :thumbsup:That will teach someone to think twice that the science is the “ultimate source of knowledge.” Inductively, we could even infer that the science is a very poor source of knowledge because all theories so far proposed up to our current ones have been discarded as false.:eek:
 
Nice, warpspeed! :thumbsup:That will teach someone to think twice that the science is the “ultimate source of knowledge.” Inductively, we could even infer that the science is a very poor source of knowledge because all theories so far proposed up to our current ones have been discarded as false.:eek:
aw…shucks.😊
 
Nice, warpspeed! :thumbsup:That will teach someone to think twice that the science is the “ultimate source of knowledge.” Inductively, we could even infer that the science is a very poor source of knowledge because all theories so far proposed up to our current ones have been discarded as false.:eek:
Dear me, see you make it out as if science updating is a BAD thing. When in actual fact that is the BIGGEST strength of science.

The point is clear, if it was not for science, you would all STILL be believing the world is flat etc etc etc. Sure, we when we get new evidence if it deepens our understandings, lol and thats a bad thing? Science HAS given us this knowledge, **every eample you showed the understanding of these things was deepened by SCIENCE! **Exactly what have any religious dogmas given us, did the bible have anything to say about the atom?:rolleyes:
 
Exactly what have any religious dogmas given us, did the bible have anything to say about the atom?:rolleyes:
I’d be a christian if there was, say, a short proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the bible, or perhaps something like “energy is mass multiplied by the speed of light unto itself”, or the location of several black holes.
 
Dear me, see you make it out as if science updating is a BAD thing. When in actual fact that is the BIGGEST strength of science.

The point is clear, if it was not for science, you would all STILL be believing the world is flat etc etc etc. Sure, we when we get new evidence if it deepens our understandings, lol and thats a bad thing? Science HAS given us this knowledge, **every eample you showed the understanding of these things was deepened by SCIENCE! **Exactly what have any religious dogmas given us, did the bible have anything to say about the atom?:rolleyes:
“Updating” is not a bad thing. And I have nothing against science whatsoever. I just don’t think empirical science has any more of a priviledged access to the nature of reality than other disciplines such as mathematics, philosophy, and religion. Each discipline simply has a differnt field of study. Science deals with empirical contingent truths. Mathematics and philosophy deal with *a priori *necessary truths. And religion deals with *a priori *human, spiritual, and transcendent truths.

Religion continues to “update” in case you haven’t noticed. But evaluating its development with respect to empirical methods is just as misguided as evaluating the development of mathematics with respect to empirical methods. So your criticism of religion that it has nothing empirical to say about the atom performs a categorical error, since nothing about the atom is deducible from pure mathematics either. But I wouldn’t expect you to understand this or even believe it because you appear to have an over-reliant and misguded faith in science whose track-record with respect to diversity of opinions over time, continual refinements, and theory-change is no different than religion.
 
I’d be a christian if there was, say, a short proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the bible, or perhaps something like “energy is mass multiplied by the speed of light unto itself”, or the location of several black holes.
haha! I hope you’re being facetious:D That’s hilarious!
 
Dear me, see you make it out as if science updating is a BAD thing. When in actual fact that is the BIGGEST strength of science.
you make out as though thoses superseded theories werent mistakes. they were, hence their vulnerability to later observations.
The point is clear, if it was not for science, you would all STILL be believing the world is flat etc etc etc.
it was “scientific empiricism” that created those theories. which is the reason we use them as an example to counter the notion that it is the ultimate source of knowledge.
Sure, we when we get new evidence if it deepens our understandings, lol and thats a bad thing? Science HAS given us this knowledge, **every eample you showed the understanding of these things was deepened by SCIENCE! **
yes, the scientific method is a great toolset for the practice of the physical sciences. we arent disputing that.

we are disputing the idea that 'scientific empiricism" it is the ultimate source of knowledge. hence the demonstration of its failures throughout history.

the fact that those failures were later corrected to match new observations, doesnt cover the fact that they were failures of “scientific empiricism”, showing that “scientific empiricism” cannot be the ultimate source of knowledge, as you alleged.

btw. you keep saying “scientific empiricism” dont you mean scientific realism? if not then what is the distinction between the two?
Exactly what have any religious dogmas given us, did the bible have anything to say about the atom?:rolleyes:
we might say that all the scientific progress in the world matters less than the Truth that is Christ. what does an atom truly matter? life is a journey, not the destination. we will spend eternity with or without G-d.

most of us will spend less than a century here on earth.

making our journey more comfortable is nice. but it isnt of any great import. i could drive home to Western Kansas in a limo, much more comfortably than i could in my old pick up, but in either case im winding up in Western Kansas.

in the same way, no matter how comfortable our journey through life is, we are still going to wind up dead.
 
haha! I hope you’re being facetious:D That’s hilarious!
No. I’m being completely serious. If god wrote a tome, the least he could do was help science in a tangible way, if only a token gesture to show that the bible was divinely inspired. Such a trivial cost to convert large swathes of scientific thinkers. It is illogical to exclude.
 
I’d be a christian if there was, say, a short proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the bible, or perhaps something like “energy is mass multiplied by the speed of light unto itself”, or the location of several black holes.
why do you think those things should be in the Bible?

if you want some sort of massive proof. then the mathematics of messianic Prophecy is convincing to a number of mathematicians.
 
why do you think those things should be in the Bible?
It would be a mark of authentic divine inspiration. Including something that could not possibly be known at the time is evidence of divine inspiration.
if you want some sort of massive proof. then the mathematics of messianic Prophecy is convincing to a number of mathematicians.
Google isn’t giving a straight answer. A pointer, if you please?
 
No. I’m being completely serious. If god wrote a tome, the least he could do was help science in a tangible way, if only a token gesture to show that the bible was divinely inspired. Such a trivial cost to convert large swathes of scientific thinkers. It is illogical to exclude.
the Bible isnt a science manual. men at the time didnt know anything about science, and as its unimportant to the process of Salvation, i can see why such strange things that would have driven of a great many believers prior to the present age, werent included.

if you want visceral proof, Messianic Prophecy is indisputable. mathematical in nature, and the reason we even have a Faith today. that was how the people of the time knew that Jesus was the Messiah.
 
No. I’m being completely serious. If god wrote a tome, the least he could do was help science in a tangible way, if only a token gesture to show that the bible was divinely inspired. Such a trivial cost to convert large swathes of scientific thinkers. It is illogical to exclude.
It is absurd to think God’s giving us mathematical or scientific theories were somehow going to make the God of Christianity suddenly self-evidently true to atheists. After all, Jesus is reported to perform numerous miracles in his lifetime, including rising from the dead, but most Jews at the time refused to accept these reported miracles as evidence for his divinity whatsoever. They thought he had supernatural powers, but they explained away all these powers as all coming from the devil. Likewise, I can just see the atheistic scientist standing next to Christ’s tomb after three days witnessing his resurrection, but then explaining it away as a freak-incident that has some perfectly plausible natural explanation–and a natural explanation for which the scientist would completely lack, but for which he still believes is available, because of his over-reliant faith in science. I guarantee no matter what God does to to reveal his existence, it will never be enough for the atheist.

Besides, even if God tried to give us an indubitable scientific knowledge of everything, this would be conceivably impossible since it would transcend our finite capabilities anyways and for which would not be able to understand. To have an indubitable theory of everything is to know the mind of God, which seems intrinsically impossible.

Moreover, God’s main purpose is not merely to satisfy your curious intellect, rather, his purpose is primarily to teach us how to deepen our relationships with Him and others through trust. You just want to be spoiled it seems. But relationships don’t function this way.
 
the Bible isnt a science manual. men at the time didnt know anything about science, and as its unimportant to the process of Salvation, i can see why such strange things that would have driven of a great many believers prior to the present age, werent included.
I just want one token thing that couldn’t possibly have been known except from a divine source.
if you want visceral proof, Messianic Prophecy is indisputable. mathematical in nature, and the reason we even have a Faith today. that was how the people of the time knew that Jesus was the Messiah.
As I said, I’d need a pointer to that.
This is absurd to expect that God giving us mathematical or scientific theories were somehow going to make the God of Christianity magically self-evidently true to atheists.
Absurd? Why? Is it not logical to suppose scientific thinkers will be more aligned to your view if advanced mathematical or scientific theories were discovered in the bible?
I guarantee no matter what God does to to reveal his existence, it will never be enough for the atheist.
A bold claim for a theist. Since most atheists think objectively, objective evidence such as divine knowledge would be most appreciated, don’t you think?
Even if God gave us an indubitable scientific knowledge of everything, this is conceivably impossible since it would transcend our finite capabilities anyways so we wouldn’t be able to understand. To have an indubitable theory of everything is to know the mind of God, which seems intrinsically impossible.
This is not necessary. All that is required is a few (preferably, although even one strengthens your case) advanced mathematical or scientific theries.
Moreover, God’s main purpose is not merely to satisfy your curious intellect, rather, his purpose is primarily to teach us how to deepen our relationships with Him and others through trust. You just want to be spoiled it seems. But relationships don’t function this way.
I do not believe it is spoiled to request verification that the relationship exists at all.
 
It would be a mark of authentic divine inspiration. Including something that could not possibly be known at the time is evidence of divine inspiration.
it would be to us, but that same purpose is fulfilled by Messianic Prophecy. but to all the people between then and now however it would be non-sensical. wouldnt you find it strange if you opened a scientific text at school and found within it a treatise on theology? especially if you had never heard of religion before?
Google isn’t giving a straight answer. A pointer, if you please?
sure. this a diverse selection of theist views from Messianic Jews to protestants. its a good place to start. Josh Mcdowel also wrote a book “evidence that demands a verdict” if its available too you.

jewishvoice.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Who_is_MessianicProphecies
godonthe.net/jewish/odds.html
mayimhayim.org/Hebrew%20Perspectives/Messianic%20Prophecies.htm
allabouttruth.org/messianic-prophecy-2.htm
clarifyingchristianity.com/m_prophecies.shtml
searchlight.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=158&Itemid=91
 
Absurd? Why? Is it not logical to suppose scientific thinkers will be more aligned to your view if advanced mathematical or scientific theories were discovered in the bible?
Let me ask you this: what makes you think God is so concerned about giving all the answers to our scientific questions anyway? Did you ever consider that perhaps he wants us to pursue Him by pursuing to understand his creation, the very thrill of scientific search and discovery being the very thrill of drawing closer to God? Isn’t this very pursuit part of the beauty of existence, growth, and change? After all, God is passionate lover who enjoys the thrill of the chase Himself, not a carefully calculating rather droll scientist. If God merely existed to satisfy all of our speculating curiosities, our existence would be rather dull and spoiled, and perhaps people would reject God’s love just as spoiled children reject their parent’s love because they get everything they want when they ask for it. God is a god of relationship, not a God of spood-feeding everyone. In fact, I am glad God doesn’t give me all the answers. It makes my continual philosophical search so exciting!! I mean that! I love discovering something new! And these discoveries always draw me closer to Him in Love.
A bold claim for a theist. Since most atheists think objectively, objective evidence such as divine knowledge would be most appreciated, don’t you think?
I don’t retract this bold claim at all. In fact, the one challenge I have for all atheists, for which none of them will accept, is to start making prayer to God a continual part of their everyday existence. One is guaranteed to find God by opening the heart to Him. That’s the best “evidence” available out there, since that’s how God wants us: in relationship. But most atheists either won’t accept the challenge at all, or don’t open their hearts when they do try–while giving some shallow lip-service prayer as if challenging God to perform some kind of magic trick for them. A person’s constant need for signs shows that he can be a very poor lover.
I do not believe it is spoiled to request verification that the relationship exists at all.
If you want verification that there is a relationship really there, then start praying. Prayer is the very act of engaging in this relationship, in this communion with God.🙂
 
it would be to us, but that same purpose is fulfilled by Messianic Prophecy. but to all the people between then and now however it would be non-sensical. wouldnt you find it strange if you opened a scientific text at school and found within it a treatise on theology? especially if you had never heard of religion before?
Oh, I’m sure a footnote somewhere stating e = mcc or something wouldn’t be too hard.
sure. this a diverse selection of theist views from Messianic Jews to protestants. its a good place to start. Josh Mcdowel also wrote a book “evidence that demands a verdict” if its available too you.
Firstly, were these prophecies written before the events occurred? Secondly, how can I be objectively certain that they did occur?
Let me ask you this: what makes you think God is so concerned about giving all the answers to our scientific questions anyway? Did you ever consider that perhaps he wants us to pursue Him by pursuing to understand his creation, the very thrill of scientific search and discovery being the very thrill of drawing closer to God? After all, God is passionate lover who enjoys the thrill of the chase Himself, not a carefully calculating rather droll scientist. If God merely existed to satisfy all of our speculating curiosities, our existence would be rather dull and spoiled, and perhaps people would reject God’s love just as spoiled children reject their parent’s love because they get everything they want when they ask for it. God is a god of relationship, not a God of spood-feeding everyone. In fact, I am glad God doesn’t give me all the answers. It makes my continual philosophical search so exciting!! I mean that! I love discovering something new! And these discoveries always draw me closer to Him in Love.
You’re beating a strawman. I never said god is “so concerned about giving all the answers to our scientific questions”. I merely stated that any correct advanced mathematical or scientific theories in the bible would lend credence to it’s claim of divine inspiration.
I don’t retract this bold claim at all. In fact, the one challenge I have for all atheists, for which none of them will accept, is to start making prayer to God a continual part of their everyday existence. One is guaranteed to find God by opening the heart to Him. That’s the best “evidence” available out there, since that’s how God wants us: in relationship. But most atheists either won’t accept the challenge at all, or don’t open their hearts when they do try–while giving some shallow lip-service prayer as if challenging God to perform some kind of magic trick for them. A person’s constant need for signs shows that he can be a very poor lover.

If you want verification that there is a relationship really there, then start praying. Prayer is the very act of engaging in this relationship, in this communion with God.🙂
As you have openly admitted here, prayer is not objectively predictable, it is unfalsifiable. That is, if prayer is reported to not work, you just say it wasn’t long / open hearted / often / deep enough. That one will believe in god once they have opened their heart to him is self fulfilling and circular. Effectively, you are saying “believe in God, then you will believe in God”.
 
You’re beating a strawman. I never said god is “so concerned about giving all the answers to our scientific questions”. I merely stated that any correct advanced mathematical or scientific theories in the bible would lend credence to it’s claim of divine inspiration.
Sure. But so what? I am saying God’s intentions would certainly change the validity of your expectations that the Bible ought to give you the pythagorean theorem.

And like Warpspeed said, the Bible is not a scientific manual. It’s a story of God’s history and his relationship with his people, so it is inappropriate to ask it to give you scientific answers anyway.
As you have openly admitted here, prayer is not objectively predictable, it is unfalsifiable. That is, if prayer is reported to not work, you just say it wasn’t long / open hearted / often / deep enough. That one will believe in god once they have opened their heart to him is self fulfilling and circular. Effectively, you are saying “believe in God, then you will believe in God”
Sure. But so what? All relationships presuppose the existence of the other. And relationship in prayer being “unfalsifiable” is not vice of prayer, but a virtue. Your empirical categories have no applications in relationships. This is exactly my point about taking up the challenge. You either won’t do it, or you treat it as a way of testing whether or not God exists. 🤷 Prayer isn’t science, prayer is engaging in a relationship that is potentially there waiting to be consummated.
 
This is also from the Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
You should have read the whole thing. Here is the correct quotation:
Empiricists endorse the following claim for some subject area.
The Empiricism Thesis: We have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience.
I highlighted the pertinent part: “SOME”. This is the **existential operator **(∃), and not the **universal operator **“ALL” (∀). The philosophical stance you disagree with (and I would concur) is properly called “logical positivism” (sometimes it is called neo-positivism) which is a variant of empiricism - but **not **the same.

Yes, logical positivists would argue that the proposition “all even numbers are divisible by two” is meaningless, because it cannot be empirically verified. But the “garden variety” empiricists accept that the abstact sciences (axiomatic systems) do offer valid knowledge without the need for empirical verification of their claims. Yes, the logical positivists do hold a self-contradictory foundation, but “simple” empiricists do not. And I am not a logical positivist, I am an empiricist. Now, have we wasted enough time on this nonsense? I think it is time to eat crow my friend and move on. Maybe you never heard of logical positivism and what separates it from regular empiricism. Now you do. There is no reason to dig in your heels and stick to your incorrect definition.
Yes, revelations are partially empirical, but not completely. I come to believe in something because I have heard it from someone. Yet, I have never seen, heard, tasted, felt or smelt that something. I have heard *about * it. But I have not beheld it with my senses. Therefore, my belief in it is not entirely empirical, if at all. The same thing is with miracles. I believe the miracles of Jesus, though I have never beheld them with my senses. This is called faith.
At least we have a definition of “faith” that we can agree upon. Now do you offer “faith” as an “alternative” epistemological tool to arrive at knowledge?
My good friend, you misunderstand the commonality between my analogy and the topic at hand. No analogy is perfect and there will always be errors. But there is a point of agreement which I hope will enlighten you to my view. Empiricism believes that knowledge is gained through the senses. But if my senses have never beheld a historical event, how do I know it to be true? The person who wrote the document which sites the historical event might have lied. But it is because of reason and intuition that I believe that he hasn’t lied. There is no material proof that he hasn’t lied. It could be said that in a certain sense, my belief in that historical event is an act of faith.
Correct. So what tool do you use to separate the wheat from the chaff? And more importantly, why do you offer your epistemological method on something which is not part of the past, which allegedly exists today?
 
I’d be a christian if there was, say, a short proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the bible, or perhaps something like “energy is mass multiplied by the speed of light unto itself”, or the location of several black holes.
ditto
 
you make out as though thoses superseded theories weren’t mistakes. they were, hence their vulnerability to later observations.

it was “scientific empiricism” that created those theories. which is the reason we use them as an example to counter the notion that it is the ultimate source of knowledge.
Well firstly many of the “theories” on our list are were not derived from the scientific method. In fact most of them were not, however the ones that were, were not mistakes they were the best explanation given the available evidence. I mean how on earth can you call Newtons Laws mistakes? Are you kidding?
yes, the scientific method is a great toolset for the practice of the physical sciences. we aren’t disputing that.
we are disputing the idea that 'scientific empiricism" it is the ultimate source of knowledge. hence the demonstration of its failures throughout history.
the fact that those failures were later corrected to match new observations, doesn’t cover the fact that they were failures of “scientific empiricism”, showing that “scientific empiricism” cannot be the ultimate source of knowledge, as you alleged.
Then name a better one?
btw. you keep saying “scientific empiricism” dont you mean scientific realism? if not then what is the distinction between the two?
I would call it the method actually.
we might say that all the scientific progress in the world matters less than the Truth that is Christ. what does an atom truly matter? life is a journey, not the destination. we will spend eternity with or without G-d.
most of us will spend less than a century here on earth.
making our journey more comfortable is nice. but it isnt of any great import. i could drive home to Western Kansas in a limo, much more comfortably than i could in my old pick up, but in either case im winding up in Western Kansas.
in the same way, no matter how comfortable our journey through life is, we are still going to wind up dead.
Well the thing is when we die were are dead, so your bet your last dollar it matters what happens in this life.

Here is a video that will explain the beauty of the method, only lasts ten mins.

youtube.com/watch?v=zcavPAFiG14&feature=related
 
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