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Nice, warpspeed! :thumbsup:That will teach someone to think twice that the science is the “ultimate source of knowledge.” Inductively, we could even infer that the science is a very poor source of knowledge because all theories so far proposed up to our current ones have been discarded as false.a couple reasons why “scientific empiricism” is not the ultimate source of knowledge.
"Superseded theories
[edit] Biology
Maternal impression –
Miasma theory of disease –.
Preformationism – .
Recapitulation theory –
Spontaneous generation –
Telegony (pregnancy) –[edit]
Chemistry
Classical elements –
Caloric theory
Phlogiston theory – Part of Dalton’s law
Vital essence theory
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Physics
Emission theory of vision –
Aristotelian theory of gravity –
Aristotelian physics – discredited by Alhacen, al-Biruni, Avicenna, Avempace, al-Baghdadi, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton
Luminiferous aether –
Caloric theory –
“Purely electrostatic” theories of the generation of voltage differences.
Emitter theory –
Progression of atomic theory
Plum pudding model of the atom –
Rutherford model of the atom with an impenetrable nucleus orbitted by electrons.
Bohr model with quantized orbits
Astronomy and cosmology
Ptolemaic system –
Copernican system –
Newtonian gravity –
Ether theory
Steady State Theory
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Geography and climate
Flat Earth theory.
Hollow Earth theory
The Open Polar Sea,
Rain follows the plow – [edit]
Geology
Continental drift was superseded by plate tectonics
Expanding Earth theory was superseded by subduction
Catastrophism was largely replaced by uniformitarianism
Theory of the four bodily humours –
Eclectic Medicine – .
Physiognomy,
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Obsolete branches of enquiry
Alchemy, which led to the development of chemistry – alchemy was discredited by al-Kindi, al-Biruni, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun
Astrology, which led to the development of astronomy – astrology was discredited by al-Farabi, Alhacen, al-Biruni, Avicenna and Averroes
Phrenology is considered a pseudoscience
Numerology (as distinct from number theory) is considered a pseudoscience
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Theories now considered to be incomplete
Here are theories that are no longer considered the most complete representation of reality, but are still useful in particular domains or under certain conditions. For some theories a more complete model is known, but in practical use the coarser approximation provides good results with much less calculation.
Atomic theory initially proposed that Atoms were indivisible, but now it is known that they are composed of subatomic particles.
Nuclei disintegrate at high energy.
Heliocentric universe theory is still used in the coordinate system of celestial mechanics.
Newtonian mechanics was extended by Theory of Relativity and quantum mechanics. It is still the standard tool in engineering and physics at atomic or larger scales and velocities not approaching the speed of light.
Classical electrodynamics approximates quantum electrodynamics.
Bohr model of the atom was extended by the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Newton’s sine-square law for the force of a fluid on a body is no longer considered useful at low speeds, though it has found application in hypersonic flow.