Apostolic Succession:
Matthew 28:18-20 And Jesus came and said to them, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. 19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the close of the age.”
The apostles are commanded to make disciples of all nations, all people in the world. In order for Jesus’ command to make sense, it has to apply to those who took the place of the apostles. Unless those people had the same authority as was given to the apostles, or how else could they make disciples of all nations? The apostles and their authority live on through their successors.
1 Corinthians 12:28 And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, helping, administrating, and various kinds of tongues.
Apostles were not only appointed for the first century church. The Church is still with us, therefore there must still be apostles in the Church, and those apostles must still have the apostolic authority that the original apostles were entrusted with.
Matthew 28:20 - How could Jesus be with the apostles to the end of the age if the apostles did not live until the end of the age? They were all dead within 60-70 years after Christ. BUT their successors lived and will live through the end of the age. The mission of the apostles is a teaching mission. Therefore the mission of the Church is also a teaching mission. Jesus did NOT say, “Go and write the Scriptures and let everyone read them and decide for themselves what is true.” He said “Go and teach all that I have commanded you.”
In Acts 1:15-26 Peter states the necessity of replacing Judas Iscariot, of having another take his office. The apostles held the office of Bishop.
I Timothy 3:1 - Faithful is the saying, If a man seeks the office of a bishop, he desires a good work.
If an office holder dies, another should always be appointed to fill the office - that’s how succession works - you can’t have a vacant office. If the President dies, we immediately get a new one sworn in. When each apostle died, another was appointed to take their office. The appointed or ordained other Bishops as well, they created new offices as the Church grew.
I Timothy 1:18 - This command I entrust to you, Timothy, my son, in accordance with the prophecies previously made concerning you, that by them you fight the good fight, 19 keeping faith and a good conscience, which some have rejected and suffered shipwreck in regard to their faith.
Paul is passing on authority as a father passes on authority to his son - an inheritance that would one day be passed on to Timothy’s successors.
Paul writes to others in regards to how they are to receive Timothy:
1 Corinthians 4:17 - For this reason I have sent to you Timothy, who is my beloved and faithful child in the Lord, and he will remind you of my ways which are in Christ, just as I teach everywhere in every church.
Timothy was sent with the full authority of Paul. Paul passed on authority as a rule of faith - the authority Jesus gave to Paul did not die with Paul, Paul passed it on and expected his successors to do the same. Paul expected Christians to obey these men who received this authority.
2 Timothy 1:13-14 Retain the standard of sound words which you have heard from me, in the faith and love which are in Christ Jesus. 14 Guard the truth which has been entrusted to you, through the Holy Spirit who dwells in us, .
2 Timothy 2:2 The things which you have heard from me in the presence of many witnesses, entrust these to faithful men who will be able to teach others also.
Timothy is to ordain others as he himself has been ordained. From Paul, to Timothy, to faithful men, to others also - four generations of apostolic succession in one passage of Scripture.
Titus 1:5 This is why I left you in Crete, so that you might put what remained into order, and appoint elders in every town as I directed you
Titus is appointing or ordaining bishops. He has been given authority and is likewise ordaining others with the same authority. This includes the authority to teach, the mission of the church.
I Timothy 1:3 As I urged you when I was going to Macedonia, remain at Ephesus that you may charge certain persons not to teach any different doctrine,
I Timothy 4:11-13 Command and teach these things. 12 Let no one despise you for your youth, but set the believers an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, in purity. 13 Until I come, devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, to exhortation(preaching), to teaching.
Timothy and Titus are told to command and teach, to charge others NOT to teach different doctrine, appoint elders, and guard the deposit of faith and pass it on to others.
How was authority passed on from the apostles to their successors?
2 Timothy 1:6 For this reason I remind you to fan into flame the gift of God, which is in you through the laying on of my hands
I Timothy 4:14 Do not neglect the gift you have, which was given you by prophecy when the council of elders laid their hands on you.
This authority from Paul to the elders or Bishops was passed on by a ceremonial laying on of hands. That’s exactly what is done and has been done for the last 2000 years. Apostles, as Fathers, pass on their teaching and their teaching authority that they received from Christ. It is only through Christ’s authority that the successors have authority. He also gave Timothy the authority to lay on hands - to ordain others. Only a Bishop has this authority.