A Protestant was telling me the other day that during the early medieval period, Popes were appointed by the Holy Roman Emperors. He said that this only stopped with Pope Gregory VII. From a few quick searches, there seems to be evidence for this. I’m not sure what this would mean if it’s true but it doesn’t sound good.
Lets work backwards from Gregory VII a ways (the coronation of the Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor)
Alexander II - elected by conclave in 1061
Nicolas II - elected in 1059 in conclave in Sienna
Stephen IX - Catholic encyclopedia simply says he wa “freely chosen” of Victor II in 1057
Victor II - Nominated by Emperor (at request of Hildebrand (later Gregory VII) and then formally elected in Rome in 1055
Leo IX - was selected by the Emperor and Roman delegates at an assembly in Worms in 1048 and agreed to be Pope if freely elected by Roman people.
Damascus II - appointed by Emperor in 1048 and after a lot of confusion was received in Rome by the people as pope (very short papacy)
Benedict IX - essentially appointed by Emperor in 1032, but it gets really confusing here, as he was disposed by a council, and eventually resigned. Easiest for this thread just to jump to :
John XIX: elected 1024
Benedict VIII: imposed on the chair of Peter by force in 1012
Serious IV : elected 1009
John XVIII - 1003 , not for sure how this came about
John XVII - elected 1003
Sylvester II elected 999
That’s far enough. As you can see, it was a period of much turmoil in Rome and the Church. Now, there was always the formality of an election, even for Benedict VIII, but the electors enjoyed no freedom of choice.
There is a reason why Gregory VII (Hildebrand) is considered such an important pope. The late 10th and early 11th century was the period where the Roman church most closely descended to Caesaropapism.
Nevertheless, these men were true popes. Not good popes necessarily, but valid popes.