Gurney,
I haven’t seen a transcript. The link provided was not to a transcript but to a report summarizing the sermon before it had been delivered. Didn’t you notice this?
I disagree completely with this. This is a standard Protestant claim, and it’s dead wrong. Athanasius, *On the Incarnation, *and Gregory of Nyssa, The Great Catechism (sometimes called Address on Religious Instruction), both deal with atonement theology in some depth, and both are in my opinion considerably preferable to all the classic second-millennium Western atonement theologies.
I should note that Athanasius’s view is a lot closer to “penal substitution” than many people realize. He believes that death is not just the natural result of sin, not just an evil power under which humans passed because of sin (though it’s both of these things), but also a just judgment issued by God in response to human sin. So there is a penal element to Athanasius’s theology.
The Early Fathers are often quite vague with soteriology IMO. Take Augustine. He once said “by His death, the one most true sacrifice offered on our behalf, He purged abolished and extinguished … whatever guilt we had.” One can read several soteriological statements by Augustine like that but what does it really mean? Penal Substitution? Ransom? One can glean what he wants from that statement. And as I have read ECF’s on the Atonement, the soteriological language is often vague. Most of the ECF’s you mentioned are not explicitly adopting a view. They speak of Christ dying on our behalf, etc. etc. but I don’t see an explicit view of the how’s of the Atonement, the mode and purpose that fits in the framework of these theories. JND Kelly and a guy like J. S. Romanides can both read the same ECF quotations and glean totally different conclusions. I have to disagree with you when you say the ECF’s had any real hard soteriological views. I still feel that the main thrust was reaction to heresies, christology, sacraments, arianism, nestorianism, all the other “isms” of the day. Few of them had the soteriological ramifications that needed address. I don’t think the idea that there was little atonement talk in the early church was a protestant myth or a catholic one either, just a conclusion based on the history of reading them.
All of these controversies were soteriological in nature. The idea that the early Church didn’t address soteriology was invented by Protestants to disguise their rejection of orthodox Christian soteriology and pretend that they were just tackling something that hadn’t been fully articulated already.
**Many feel that before Anselm he was the main person to care about it. **
I don’t think he talked about it that much, actually.
What I’ve seen from Augustine seems more in the direction of the ransom theory. But Augustine is vast and I’d be happy to look at the passages you have in mind.
**From the little I’ve read lately on his views in this area, I agree. You most likely know ten times more of his views on this than myself. **
I would say that Athanasius is probably closer to penal substitution than many, but there are still key differences. The idea of God “pouring out his wrath” on Jesus, or imputing our sin to Jesus, is absent from Athanasius as from all the Fathers (and indeed from Anselm). But Jesus’ death itself is seen by Athanasius as a sharing in the just punishment of our sin.
I think Athanasius gets misinterpreted as the proponent of a “Christus Victor” theory which is one among many theories and needs to be either complemented by or contrasted to the penal substitution theory. In fact, I don’t think there is anything true or valid in penal substitution that’s not in Athanasius. If there’s something he doesn’t cover, it’s actually the “ransom” theory, which is implicitly there but not emphasized. Athanasius needs Gregory of Nyssa, not Anselm or Calvin, to supplement him.
Insofar as Calvin differs from or goes beyond Athanasius, Calvin is unorthodox. (I don’t mean that you can’t go beyond Athanasius, but that Calvin does so in bad ways.) Anselm is tricky, because he doesn’t actually teach penal substitution (in his account no one needs to be punished at all–Jesus’ obedience satisfies God’s honor), but he distorted Atonement theology in a way that created penal substitution when traditional views about Jesus suffering the punishment of our sin were read back into Anselm’s theory.
Thanks for your post and replies, Edwin. Much-appreciated. This is an area I’m studying right now and wanting to know more about. I’d love to know why you favor the Christus Victor theory over the others if you ever get time. God bless.
I think there are a range of views. But Athanasius is as close to penal substitution as it is orthodox to go, in my opinion.
Edwin