Doubtless others can argue otherwise, but I have read, from a number of sources, that the urban poor in India are largely newcomers from the country who, amazingly, actually came to the cities to achieve economic improvement. Evidently, there is almost no access to cash in the countryside (some exceptions of interest) Some fellow whose only asset is a foot-operated sewing machine comes to, e.g., Calcutta and lives on the sidewalk in order to participate in the cash economy.
One of my great grandfathers came from Italy in the 19th century. He could not speak English and could obtain only work that, literally, blacks (then on the bottom of the native-born opportunity list) would not take. He worked in the deep coal mines that existed then in Kansas. The work was beyond horrible and the pay was ridiculous. Yet, in the course of a few years of subsisting on nothing but polenta (his clothing needs were modest because the mines were so hot and humid you had to strip naked to go down into them and survive) he saved enough cash money to make a down payment on a farm. He was a capable farmer and made it work. His son worked hard and bought a farm, lost it in the depression, cut wood for a living, miraculously saved enough cash to make a down payment on another farm and ultimately managed to send both of his daughters to college. He, himself, never finished the third grade.
I’m not entirely persuaded the commentator in the original post really understood what she was seeing.
Re the exception to “no cash in the countryside” abovementioned. I met a young man from Mumbai who was in this country as a trainee for a computer company which has operations in India. He told me the “rising tide” in Mumbai has affected the countryside very favorably. Farmers can come into Mumbai and hawk their product for cash. With that cash they can buy land, tools, sink wells, etc. People like the young man make what would be very low salaries here but are princely there. Such people as himself, he said, spend cash readily to buy the products and services of those who are less fortunate than they are. Perhaps he was too optimistic, and doubtless one would have to understand the context, but “everybody makes money in Mumbai” he said.