I’ve been attending Catholic Mass the last three or so months.
Welcome!
Anyway, the church I go to has RCIA classes but I was told it could take two years. I could go to to another RCIA class and get through it in a year. Is one year generally the right amount of time for RCIA?
This is tough. Some parishes are Liberal and will steer you very wrong. They won’t explain what the Church teaches or will tell you things that just plain aren’t true. If that happens to you then you’ll have some serious catching up to do once you become a Catholic. On the other hand, some parishes have a very good program and will teach you all the upright ways of the Catholic Faith. That is a great blessing.
My advice is to find a parish with solid theology and don’t worry about the length of the classes. I think the best single indicator is whether a given parish offers the Mass in Latin with at least some regularity, or at least incorporates some Latin into the vernacular Masses (like the Agnus Dei, etc.). That’s not the only indicator but it is a good one. Or ask someone you know to be a conservative in your area.
Also, coming from a Protestant background, how is one “saved” in the Catholic church? Is it through belief in Christ or must you also do good works?
Great question. Salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ and working out your salvation through good works. Basically, faith and hope in Christ and love for Him (St. Thomas Aquinas defined charity as "friendship with God) result in graces being infused in the soul. These graces allow us to do genuinely good works. By grace we are able to be perfect as our Heavenly Father is perfect.
Like a Levite priest entering the Tabernacle, a soul is only able to enter into the total presence of the Living God and behold Him face to face (i.e. Heaven) if that soul is pure and holy. Holy merit accrues to a soul through good works done in grace (no one is able to do meritorious acts without grace). It is basically necessary to die in a state of grace to be able to enter Heaven.
The Sacraments confer special graces. One in particular, the Sacrament of Penance aka Confession, you asked about below…
Finally, why do Catholics admit sins during confession? Is that the only way to be cleaned of sins or can you also simply pray and ask God to forgive you?
Lord Jesus told Peter “I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on Earth will be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth will be loosed in Heaven.” Also, He told the disciples “Whose sins you shall forgive, they are forgiven them; and whose sins you shall retain, they are retained.”
Confession is the ordinary means of receiving absolution for sins (though I believe that minor sins, called “venial”, are also absolved through the Eucharist but I could be wrong on that). This is especially true with those sins that are grave enough to rupture your relationship with God (like fornication, blasphemy, murder, etc.).
In the Sacrament of Penance, “imperfect” contrition is sufficient… i.e. being at least somewhat sorry for what you have done. Outside of the Sacrament, perfect contrition is required. And the Sacrament should still be used if at all possible.
Hope that helps.