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NUMBERS 30:13 13 Any vow and any binding oath to afflict herself, her husband may establish, or her husband may make void.
Here is what Dr. Pitre has to say concerning “afflict” . . .
The key is in the final section; the chapter is concerned with a woman’s vows to “afflict herself,” which, as the great Torah scholar Jacob Milgrom points out, was interpreted by ancient Jews as referring to fasting and refraining from sexual intercourse.
Similar terminology is used in descriptions of the Day of Atonement, when Jews were expected to fast and refrain from sexual intercourse (see Milgrom, Harper Collins Study Bible n. Lev 16:29; citing Targum Pseudo-Jonthan; cf. also Exod 19:15) .
So the binding oath to “afflict herself” in Numbers 30 concerns “fasting and refraining from sexual intercourse” in this case according to Pitre (as per Jacob Milgrom).
Dr. Pitre points out it’s hard for us to envision this oath in our sex-saturated society, but the fact remains even in our society today, we have consecrated virgins, both male and female.
Numbers 30 concerns women who “afflict” themselves in 3 different situations, and how they may or may not be released from that oath to “afflict” themselves.
Here again are the different types of women that these oaths concern in Numbers 30.
- Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a young, unmarried woman.
- Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a married woman.
- Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a widow or divorced woman.
Let’s look first at the example of “Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a young, unmarried woman.”
NUMBERS 30:3-5 3 Or when a woman vows a vow to the LORD, and binds herself by a pledge, while within her father’s house, in her youth, 4 and her father hears of her vow and of her pledge by which she has bound herself, and says nothing to her; then all her vows shall stand, and every pledge by which she has bound herself shall stand. 5 But if her father expresses disapproval to her on the day that he hears of it, no vow of hers, no pledge by which she has bound herself, shall stand; and the LORD will forgive her, because her father opposed her.
We will come back to this shortly, but Numbers 30:3-5 is probably what St. Paul is referring to when he talks about the context of a father giving his daughter in marriage or refraining from giving her in marriage (in union with her choice of course) for the sake of virginity.
1st CORINTHIANS 7:38 (DRV) Therefore, both he that giveth his virgin in marriage, doth well; and he that giveth her not, doth better.
Now let’s look at the example of
“Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a married woman!”
NUMBERS 30:6-8 6 And if she is married to a husband, while under her vows or any thoughtless utterance of her lips by which she has bound herself, 7 and her husband hears of it, and says nothing to her on the day that he hears; then her vows shall stand, and her pledges by which she has bound herself shall stand. 8 But if, on the day that her husband comes to hear of it, he expresses disapproval, then he shall make void her vow which was on her, and the thoughtless utterance of her lips, by which she bound herself; and the LORD will forgive her.
And last let’s review “Vows of sexual abstinence taken by a widow or divorced woman.”
NUMBERS 30:9 9 But any vow of a widow or of a divorced woman, anything by which she has bound herself, shall stand against her.
And in closing let’s continue in Numbers 30 verses 13 and following. . . .
NUMBERS 30:13-16 13 Any vow and any binding oath to afflict herself, her husband may establish, or her husband may make void. 14 But if her husband says nothing to her from day to day, then he establishes all her vows, or all her pledges, that are upon her; he has established them, because he said nothing to her on the day that he heard of them. 15 But if he makes them null and void after he has heard of them, then he shall bear her iniquity." 16 These are the statutes which the LORD commanded Moses, as between a man and his wife, and between a father and his daughter, while in her youth, within her father’s house.
Then someone raised the question to Dr. Pitre about the possibilities that these vows are merely temporary in the first place, Pitre replied in this way. . . .
I’d like to respond to one possible objection to this argument: “Couldn’t a vow of abstinence be a
temporary vow? I don’t believe that those verses mentioned anything of a perpetual vow of abstinence.”
In response, I would certainly not deny that the text could be
applied to temporary vows, but there are two things that make me think the primary context is permanent vows.
First,
what meaning would a temporary vow of sexual abstinence have for an unmarried virgin in her father’s house?!! This is the first category, and as far as I can see it must primarily refer to a permanent vow of abstinence, of which the father approves. To suggest otherwise would mean that Numbers envisions the unmarried woman having sexual relations outside of marriage. This makes no sense.
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