Hi, Lax16,
It’s fairly clear to some students of the New Testament that baptisms done then were by immersion (completely submersing the person in the water such as in a river).
It also makes sense to some that since baptism is being “born again” by water", then since our original birth was coming out of a womb surrounded by water, that God is teaching through this teaching of baptism and being “born again” that a person really is becoming “reborn” or having a “second birth”.
It doesn’t sound to me like that teaching comes across in a baptism that is not by full immersion, but then since the students or parents are basically choosing the method they like best then I guess it is what suits them and they should have their free will choice about it. It would be just as or more important what they do with their personal commitment level, actions, keeping the commandments, acting like they have really been “born again” and are a new creature and a son of God or a daughter of God and have been spiritually reborn, as would the mode of baptism itself (although of course the authority itself for the ordinance is an issue that is set aside within this conversation).
All in all, the Latter-day Saints do indeed believe that baptism by immersion is important as the divinely inspired method of baptism.
ParkerD,
To make my argument clear, I will spell out some distinctions that you probably understand already. These three propositions are different:
- The New Testament Church baptized by immersion.
- Immersion is an essential feature of valid baptism.
- The New Testament Church believed that immersion is an essential feature of valid baptism.
Only Propositions 2 & 3 make the case for immersion baptism problematic for a Catholic, yet it is only Proposition 1 that is supported by historical evidence. The inference from Proposition 1 to Proposition 2 is based on assumptions external to that evidence, and Proposition 3 is patently false. I will show that this makes it impossible to establish a self-consistent case for the necessity of immersion by Mormon standards, except by appeal to LDS authority.
As a preliminary observation, the reason why NT scholars agree that baptism was by immersion is not because the actual New Testament documents prove this. The word “baptize” has too broad a range of meanings to simply require it, and so context must be consulted. The clearest evidence for immersion is that Jesus “comes up” from the water – and that’s about it. That is a very good piece of evidence, but hardly a knock-down, show stopper. It is suggestive, not demonstrative.
But if it is not demonstrative, where does the scholarly consensus come from? It is because other Christian documents, external to the New Testament, establish it. Yet by a Mormon account, these texts are apostate, and contain other teachings about the form of baptism incompatible with Mormonism. The
Didache even says that baptism by pouring is acceptable when immersion is not available. This likely refers to situations where Christians are in hiding and don’t have means available to them. Apart from assuming Mormon doctrine about the great apostasy, there is no reason to cherry-pick one part of the
Didache’s teaching, claim it is normative, and then reject the other part as apostate. The inconsistency is that one must make the case for immersion baptism as an historical fact by giving credit to texts that Mormons must later impeach in order to maintain the inference that immersion is necessary.
Your argument about the resurrection symbolism is good as an argument for immersion, but not as an argument for Mormon baptism. This is because there is at least one other ritual aspect of early baptism, also important to understanding baptism’s meaning, that was not restored through Joseph Smith. This makes it possible to impeach LDS baptism on the same standards that Mormons use to reject non-immersion baptisms.
In the early Church, baptism was normally performed not only my immersion, but also in
living water, that is, water that was flowing as opposed to an enclosed pool such as is used in most LDS baptisms. This follows from the classical baptismal understanding of texts like Jn 4:10-11, Zech 14:8, Rev 7:17, and many more passages that attribute both spiritual and ritual significance to water that is flowing. (This extends to sprinkling rituals as well as immersions; see Lev 14:51-52.)
Because the baptisms recorded in the NT are all
explicitly performed in living water, a river or a fountain, and since the early Church put importance on living water (more it seems in the
Didache than on immersion), the cumulative case for living-water baptisms is surprising stronger than for immersion, though both are persuasive.
Living water also has a pedagogical importance. While immersion emphasizes the aspect of burial before resurrection, living water represents the aspect of birth. The fluids in the womb are living waters, and so the use of living water shows the convert emerging from a new fetal state, born-again.
Thus, to argue from baptismal symbolism, a consistent case for Mormon Baptism must involve some standard of determining which symbolic aspects are essential, and which are not. It will not do to assume one set of standards for demands to necessity of immersion and another set of standards to dismiss living water. If you can provide some non-arbitrary principles to differentiate them, then you can make a case. Otherwise, you must admit that your argument ultimately rests on assuming LDS authority, and hence reduces to an simple assertion.