In one simulator-based study, researchers used a driving simulator to compare the driving performance of drivers using hands-free and hand-held cell phones to drivers not using cell phones who were given alcoholic beverages until their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reached 0.08 g/dL, the threshold for a driving while intoxicated arrest in all U.S. states (Strayer, Drews, and Crouch, 2003). The study found that the reaction times of drivers using cell phones were slowed by 8.4% relative to drivers who neither had consumed alcohol nor were using phones, and that drivers using cell phones were actually more likely to have a rear-end crash than were drivers who had consumed alcohol after controlling for the difficulty and duration of the simulated driving task.** The impact of using a hands-free phone on driving performance was not found to differ from the impact of using a hand-held phone, which the researchers suggest is due to, “withdrawal of attention from the processing of information in the driving environment” while engaging in cell phone conversation.**