Saints and the Liturgical Year

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**The Liturgical Year **- continued:

"There is still another very important thing that the Church does in the liturgy: she CONSECRATES and SANCTIFIES THE PRESENT, i.e., the people of today, their activities, their problems, their sufferings and achievements. Everything we do is offered up to the Father through Christ, with Christ, in Christ, in the unity of the Holy Spirit.

This ‘amazing grace’ becomes a reality particularly in the Sacraments, and it is somehow ‘encapsulated’ in the weekly observance called ‘SUNDAY’, and most especially in the celebration of the EUCHARIST.

Sunday is, for us, *‘the Day of the Lord’ *in a unique manner, because it is the day in which we not only worship God as Creator and Lord of the universe and thank Him for all the blessings He has granted us, but especially because it is the day when we commemorate and re-live the resurrection and glorificationof Jesus Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles, which marked the birth of the Church.

It should be noticed that we do all this as a community of believers, and not just as individuals. We become our true selves only when we are in communion with God and our neighbor. The Lord offers His salvation to every human being not in isolation, but as a member of the community of believers, the Church. This is why we are expected to worship the Lord, not only as individuals, but also as members of a community of persons who share the same faith and commitment."(Euchalette, First Sunday of Advent, November 30, 2014, p. 4; emphasis added.)
 
December 3 - St. Francis Xavier, Priest (Memorial):
(Today, December 3, 2015, is Wednesday of the 1st Week of Advent.)

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who through the preaching of Saint Francis Xavier
won many peoples to yourself,
grant that the hearts of the faithful
may burn with the same zeal for the faith
and that Holy Church may everywhere rejoice
in an abundance of offspring.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120315.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

“Born in Navarre, Spain, he studied in Paris, where St. Francis (1506-1552) became one of the original seven members of St. Ignatius of Loyola’s Society of Jesus. St. Francis proclaimed the Gospel in India, China, and Japan, bringing 30,000 souls to Christ.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. Francis Xavier, see link:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/F/stfrancisxavier.asp
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-03
 
December 4, 2015 - Friday, 1st Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Stir up your power, we pray, O Lord, and come,
that with you to protect us,
we may find rescue
from the pressing dangers of our sins,
and with you to set us free,
we may be found worthy of salvation.
Who live and reign with God the Father
in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120415.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

December 4 - Saint John Damascene, Priest and Doctor of the Church (Optional Memorial):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Grant, we pray, O Lord,
that we may be helped by the prayers
of the Priest Saint John Damascene,
so that the true faith,
which he excelled in teaching,
may always be our light and our strength.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

“Born in Damascus, St. John (675-749) served as finance minister to the caliph before his ordination. He dedicated himself to study and writing, producing both works of dogmatic theology as well as many hymns. One of the principal defenders of the use of images in religious worship, he is considered the last Father of the Church.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. John Damascene and information on St.Barbara, see links:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/J/stjohndamascene.asp
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-04
 
December 5, 2015 - Saturday, First Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who sent your Only Begotten Son into this world
to free the human race from its ancient enslavement,
bestow on those who devoutly await him
the grace of your compassion from on high,
that we may attain the prize of true freedom.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture Readings and reflection:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120515.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
 
December 6, 2015 - 2nd Sunday of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Almighty and merciful God,
may no earthly undertaking hinder those
who set out in haste to meet your Son,
but may our learning of heavenly wisdom
gain us admittance to his company.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120615.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-06​

December 6 - Today is the optional memorial of Saint Nicholas, Bishop, which gives way to the Sunday Liturgy:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“We humbly implore your mercy, Lord:
protect us in all dangers
through the prayers of the Bishop Saint Nicholas,
that the way of salvation may lie open before us.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

“Present at the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea where he signed the document affirming the divinity of Christ, St. Nicholas (d. ca. 346) was consecrated Bishop of Myra in modern-day Turkey and is known for his compassion to the poor.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

“Nicholas, + 4th c., Bishop of Myra in Asia Minor; model pastor noted for charity; popularized as Santa Claus; patron of Russia, Greece, Sicily, and Lorraine, and of children and sailors.” (ORDO.)

For more on St. Nicholas, click link:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/N/stnicholas.asp
 
December 7 - St. Ambrose, Bishop and Doctor of the Church (Memorial):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who made the Bishop Saint Ambrose
a teacher of the Catholic faith
and a model of apostolic courage,
raise up in your Church men after your own heart
to govern her with courage and wisdom.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120715.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

“While St. Ambrose (340-397) was serving the imperial government and yet a catechumen, he was elected Bishop of Milan. He distinguished himself through apostolic zeal, service to the poor, and effective care of the faithful. An articulate opponent of Arianism in the West, he converted and baptized St. Augustine.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. Ambrose, see links:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/A/stambrose.asp
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-07
 
December 8 - The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Solemnity):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who by the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin
prepared a worthy dwelling for your Son,
grant, we pray,
that, as you preserved her from every stain
by virtue of the Death of your Son, which you foresaw,
so, through her intercession,
we, too, may be cleansed and admitted to your presence.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120815.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

“Pope Bl. Pius IX solemnly defined the traditional belief of the Church: the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived free from all stain of Original Sin. Her Immaculate Conception is the most beautiful fruit of the work of redemption accomplished by her Son, Jesus Christ. Chosen to be the Mother of the Savior, God did not allow sin to contaminate her, which makes her a model of holiness of life for all Christians.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

This Marian Solemnity goes back to the 7th century as the “Conception of Mary by St. Anne.” In 1708, Pope Clement XI made it a solemnity for the entire Church through his Bull, Commissi Nobis. In 1942, Pope Pius XII declared Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception as the Principal Patroness of the Philippines. (Ref. ORDO.)

Today’s Solemnity is the Patronal Feastday of the United States of America.

For more on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, see links:
www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/maryc3a.htm
www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/marya2.htm
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-08

Additional articles on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception:

Preparing for the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, December 8.
by Fr. Donald Calloway, MIC (December 5, 2014).
www.thedivinemercy.org/news/story.php?NID=2927&em=em437

What’s the case for the Immaculate Conception?
By Dr. Robert Stackpole, STD (December 5, 2014).
www.thedivinemercy.org/news/story.php?NID=3756&em=em437

The ‘Immaculate Conception’ (an excerpt from Mark Miravalle’s book 'Meet Your Mother’.)
www.thedivinemercy.org/news/story.php?NID=6111&em=em437
 
December 09, 2015 - Wednesday, 2nd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Almighty God, who command us
to prepare the way for Christ the Lord,
grant in your kindness, we pray,
that no infirmity may weary us
as we long for the comforting presence
of our heavenly physician.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/120915.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

December 9 - Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin (Optional Memorial):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who by means of Saint Juan Diego showed
the love of the most holy Virgin Mary for your people,
grant, through his intercession,
that, by following the counsels our Mother gave at Guadalupe,
we may be ever constant in fulfilling your will.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

“The Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to St. Juan (1474-1548) and asked him to tell the Bishop of Mexico she desired a shrine to manifest her love for all people. Our Lady left a miraculous portrait of herself on his tilma, which is preserved to this day.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. Juan Diego, see links:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/J/stjuandiego.asp
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-09
 
December 10, 2015 - Thursday, 2nd Week of Advent:

Collect (opening Prayer):
“Stir up our hearts, O Lord,
to make ready the paths
of your Only Begotten Son,
that through his coming,
we may be found worthy to serve you
with minds made pure.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121015.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

Read about St. Melchiades and St. Eulalia:
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-10
 
December 11, 2015 - Friday, 2nd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Grant that your people, we pray, almighty God,
may be ever watchful
for the coming of your Only Begotten Son,
that, as the author of our salvation himself has taught us,
we may hasten, alert and with lighted lamps,
to meet him when he comes.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121115.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

December 11- Saint Damasus I, Pope (Optional Memorial):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Grant, we pray, O Lord,
that we may constantly exalt the merits of your Martyrs,
whom Pope Saint Damasus so venerated and loved.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

“Of Spanish descent, St. Damasus I (305 - 384) summoned the First Ecumenical Council of Constantinople to defend the Church against schismatics and heretics. He promoted the veneration of martyrs; he commissioned St. Jerome’s translation of the Bible, and he changed the liturgical language of the Western Church to Latin.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. Damasus I, click links:
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-11
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/D/stdamasusi.asp
 
December 12 - Our Lady of Guadalupe, (Feast in the Dioceses of the United States, the Philippines & some other countries):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, Father of mercies,
who placed your people under the singular protection
of your Son’s most holy Mother,
grant that all who invoke the Blessed Virgin of Guadalupe,
may seek with ever more lively faith
the progress of peoples in the ways of justice and of peace.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture Readings and reflection:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121215.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

“The image of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the tilma of St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin (Decemer 9) is kept, miraculously preserved, in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Patroness of the Americas, in Mexico City. It is an object of great devotion.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

“Today’s memorial recalls the apparitions of Mary at the hill of Tepeyac from 9 - 12 Dec. 1531 to the native convert, Juan Diego; known to the Aztecs as Tecoatlaxope (or de Guadalupe in Spanish), meaning ‘she will crush the serpent of stone’; declared Patroness of the Americas and the Philippines by Pope Pius XI in 1935.” (ORDO.)

For more on Our Lady of Guadalupe, and information on **St. Valery and St. Finian,**click links:
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-12
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/O/ourladyofguadalupe.asp

December 12, 2015 - Saturday, 2nd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“May the splendor of your glory dawn in our hearts,
we pray, almighty God,
that all shadows of the night may be scattered
and we may be shown to be children of light
by the advent of your Only Begotten Son.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”
 
December 13, 2015 - 3rd Sunday of Advent (Gaudete Sunday):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who see how your people
faithfully await the feast of the Lord’s Nativity,
enable us, we pray,
to attain the joys of so great a salvation
and to celebrate them always
with solemn worship and glad rejoicing.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, you Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121315.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-13

"The Third Sunday of Advent is also known as Gaudete Sunday. The name is derived from the first word of the Latin Entrance Antiphon of the Mass, i.e., Gaudete, or rejoice!

Gaudete Sunday serves as a breaker during Advent (similar to Laetare Sunday in Lent). Halfway through an otherwise penitential season, it calls the faithful to rejoice because the Lord is now near.

More on Gaudete Sunday:
www.newadvent.org/cathen/06394b.htm
www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/domgaudete.htm

December 13 - Today is the memorial of St. Lucy, Virgin and Martyr, which gives way to the Sunday Liturgy :

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“May the glorious intercession
of the Virgin and Martyr Saint Lucy
give us new heart, we pray, O Lord,
so that we may celebrate her heavenly birthday
in this present age
and so behold things eternal.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

“St. Lucy (d. 304) died in Syracuse, Sicily, under the persecution of Diocletian. She has been venerated by the Church from antiquity, and her name is mentioned in the Roman Canon (Eucharistic Prayer I).” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. Lucy, see link:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/L/stlucy.asp
 
December 14 - St. John of the Cross, Priest and Doctor of the Church (Memorial):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who gave the Priest Saint John
an outstanding dedication to perfect self-denial
and love of the Cross,
grant that, by imitating him closely at all times,
we may come to contemplate eternally your glory.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121415.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

“Born in a town near Avila, Spain, the Carmelite St. John (1542-1591) was persuaded by St. Teresa of Avila to join her in reforming the Carmelites, and as a result he suffered many tribulations, including imprisonment. During his incarceration he wrote Dark Night of the Soul, a profound work of mysticism. He is a Doctor of the Church.” (Daily Roman Missal, MTF.)

For more on St. John of the Cross, see link:
www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/J/stjohnofthecross.asp
catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-14​

December 14, 2015 - Monday, 3rd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Incline a merciful ear to our cry, we pray, O Lord,
and, casting light on the darkness of our hearts,
visit us with the grace of your Son.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”
 
December 15, 2015 - Tuesday, 3rd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who through your Only Begotten Son
have made us a new creation,
look kindly, we pray,
on the handiwork of your mercy,
and at your Son’s coming
cleanse us from every stain of the old way of life.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflection:
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
usccb.org/bible/reflections/

Read about St. Virginia Centurione Bracelli:
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-15
 
grateful_child said:
December 13, 2015 - 3rd Sunday of Advent (Gaudete Sunday):

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, who see how your people
faithfully await the feast of the Lord’s Nativity,
enable us, we pray,
to attain the joys of so great a salvation
and to celebrate them always
with solemn worship and glad rejoicing.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, you Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
new.usccb.org/bible/readings/121315.cfm
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-13

"The Third Sunday of Advent is also known as Gaudete Sunday. The name is derived from the first word of the Latin Entrance Antiphon of the Mass, i.e., Gaudete, or rejoice!

Gaudete Sunday serves as a breaker during Advent (similar to Laetare Sunday in Lent). Halfway through an otherwise penitential season, it calls the faithful to rejoice because the Lord is now near.

More on Gaudete Sunday:
www.newadvent.org/cathen/06394b.htm
www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/domgaudete.htm
Click to expand...
December 13, 2015 - Third Sunday of Advent:

Today’s Scripture Readings and reflections:
usccb.org/bible/reflections/

A reflection on today’s Scripture Readings from the Euchalette, 12/13/2015, p.4:

WITH HEARTS WIDE OPEN TO GOD AND NEIGHBOR

"The times of John the Baptist were bad, characterized, as they were, by selfishness, greed, pride, aggressiveness, oppression of the weak . . . . This can be gathered from the answers he gave to those who had been struck by his preaching and asked, “What ought we to do?” John’s strongly worded call to conversion was amply justified. All needed to undergo a “metanoia,” a change of mind and attitude, in order to enter the Reign of God.

The situation does not seem to have changed much since the time of John the Baptist. We live in a society plagued with the same moral defects and vices. People are still greedy, selfish, aggressive, . . . And, of course, the temptation is always to see these moral failures in others.

In many cases, it may be true that there is so much evil around us. But it is equally true that we, too, are not perfect. There is evil in us, too. We fail morally almost every day and in various ways. We, too, need to undergo a “metanoia,” a radical conversion. “Radical” here means that it should not stop at the individual actions, but has to affect our attitudes and set of values, i.e., the very root of our actions. There shouldn’t be the least doubt: society will start changing for the better the very moment we begin to improve.

Advent is an invaluable opportunity for us to start or resume moving in the right direction. “What are we to do?” we should ask, like those who approached John. The answers may be as many as there are personal moral situations; but a “common denominator” easily applies to all. Our fundamental attitude has got to be one of openness, availability, and goodwill. In practice, this means readiness to share our goods generously with the less fortunate (see Lk 3:11); to be fair to everybody and be absolutely honest with all. (See Lk 3:13-14.) All this is “openness to people.” It is love of neighbor in its most elementary form, and no one can claim to be exempted or to have done enough."
 
On the Liturgical Meaning of December 17 - 24:

“FROM DECEMBER 17 onwards, the liturgical texts of Advent are more directly concerned with the immediate preparation for the Christmas feast. The mystery of God’s love, the plan of the mystery hidden for ages in God (Eph 3:9), is the foreground. God realized it in the Lord’s ancestors and proximately in the infancy of John the Baptist and in the persons of Our Lady and St. Joseph.” (Ordo)

“The Roman Missal and Office contain formularies for the weekdays from December 17-24, inclusive. During this time obligatory memorials may only be commemorated at Lauds and Vespers with versicle, antiphon and oration; at the OR one may add the hagiographical lesson. At Mass the collect may be that of the saint…” (Ordo)
 
December 16, 2015 - Wednesday, 3rd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Grant, we pray, almighty God,
that the coming solemnity of your Son
may bestow healing upon us in this present life
and bring us the rewards of life eternal.
Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflection:
usccb.org/bible/reflections/
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php

Read about St. Adelaide:
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-16
 
December 17, 2015 - Thursday, 3rd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“O God, Creator and Redeemer of human nature,
who willed that your Word should take flesh
in an ever-virgin womb,
look with favor on our prayers,
that your Only Begotten Son,
having taken to himself our humanity,
may be pleased to grant us a share in his divinity.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
usccb.org/bible/reflections/
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-17
 
December 18, 2015 - Friday, 3rd Week of Advent:

Collect (Opening Prayer):
“Grant, we pray, almighty God,
that we, who are weighed down from of old
by slavery beneath the yoke of sin,
may be set free by the newness
of the long-awaited Nativity
of your Only Begotten Son.
Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever.”

Today’s Scripture readings and reflections:
usccb.org/bible/reflections/
ymlp232.net/archive_gbmbuqgjgu.php
www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2015-12-18
 
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