So what do we have here? The verses are clear. The context is clear. The historical background is clear.
shortly after the battle of the trench was over, the Prophet (pbuh&hf) surrounded by his companions advised them in the following prophecy “Oh fellows of Muhajireen (Immigrants) and Ansaar (Helpers), I’m going to entrust you with a will and obligate you with an order, memorize them. Indeed Ali ibn Abi Talib is your commander after me and my successor among you, my Lord entrusted me with this, and if you don’t honor with him my will and not aly yourselves with him and nor help him, you will disagree among yourselves in your rulings, and the matters of your religion will be in commotion, and the most evil ones among you will be in charge of your affairs.”
Source: Tabrasi, Al-Ihtijaj Vol 1, page 99.
He also said “Among you is a man who will fight for it’s interpretation just as I have fought for it’s revelation”, the prophet (pbuh&hf) was asked who is that man?, he answered “The one fixing his Shoe” meaning Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Source: Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwaar vol.32, page 293
In another hadith the Prophet (pbuh&hf) said “This Ali is with the Qur’an and the Qur’an is with Ali, they will never seperate from one another until they return to me at the fountain…”
Source: Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwaar vol.22, page 223 & Al-hakim, Mustadrak vol.3, page 124
The delta of all 3 hadiths narrations is that Ali(as) will have the correct interpretation of the Quran and his antagonists will be in a state of confusion and commotion about their religion.
There are two interpretations of Surah 9:29. Ali’s (as) antagonists believe the verse is unconditional and it was revealed to abrogate the previous verses which enjoin Muslims to treat the Jews and Christians well
Quran 2:83 “…and speak kindly to mankind…” In extremes of Sunnism like the salafis/wahabis, they see that killing all non-believers and spreading Islam through conquests as legitimate and permissible
See this video
youtube.com/watch?v=X1UrmP6dHn4 at 0:50-1:13
The other interpretation of Surah 9:29 that’s adhered to by Ali’s(as) partisans is that the verse is unconditional and did not abrogate the ones before it. Allama Taba’Tabai makes the argument against abrogation in his commentary of Surah 2:83
“The sentence enjoins them to speak nicely to the people; it is an in*direct way of ordering them to maintain good social relations to behave with people nicely, gently and good-mannered - no matter whether the opposite party is a believer or an unbeliever. It cannot be said to be abrogated by the verse of fighting, because the two verses are not contradictory to each other; the place and time of social contact is other than the place and time of fighting. For example, using hard words when admonishing a child to correct his behavior is not contrary to maintaining good social relation.”
Taba’Tabai, Al-Mizan commentary of Surah 2:83
Second, the verse is interpreted in light of other conditional verses. This is an important point.
Any command, even human commands can be given in one situation with a condition and then in another situation with no condition. For example, I can ask my kids to play outside if they’ve finished all their homework. At a different point in time I could ask them to play outside. This doesn’t mean they no longer have to do their homework before going out to play and it’s reasonable to ask them to play outside with the implied understanding they’ve done all their homework.
This is the case with the Quran, where the unconditional verse are interpreted in light of the conditional verses because we realize the true meaning of the verse is not unconditional
Example:
Qur’an 2:190 "Fight in the way of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God loves not transgressors…
Qur’an 4:75 “Why is it that you do not fight in the way of God and the way of the deprived”
The conditions are self defense, or to help deprived and opressed people by fighting their oppressors.
The idea of the Prophet (pbuh&hf) arbitrarily raising an army to fight the Christians of Byzantium because he wants to convert them or kill them is plain false because it goes against the conditions for going to war. The Historical background to the battle with the Byzantium is because the emperor ordered the execution of the prophet’s emissary, in those days he held court in Mootah, a town east of the Dead sea. When the Prophet’s emissary, Harith bin Umayr, arrived at his court bearing the letter for him, he ordered his execution. The murder of Harith bin Umayr was an unprovoked outrage, and the killing of an ambassador is considered an unpardonable crime in many nations. The prophet decided to take punitive action.
When I first quoted Paul in 2 Corinthians 12:16, “But be it so, I did not burden you: being crafty,** I took you in by deceit**.” everyone jumped up and down because I had quoted it out of context, now I see some of the same people arguing against the Surah 9:29 without any knowledge. Come on guys, why the double standards?
Actually you’re not entirely at fault, I blame the first ones to who attempted to corrupt Islam, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Aisha, the Ummayads, and their pay-roll hadith forgers.