Martin V {204th P.} (11 Nov. 1417 - 20 Feb. 1431)
Confirmed the Decrees of the Council of Constance (1414-1418.) The Decree Frequens, provided thatthere would be a Council within 5, then 7, and then 10 year intervals thereafter;
Confirmed the decrees of the Council of Constance and promised to summon a fresh council every four years.
The most important of the decrees passed at Constance, without a single dissentient, declared that “every lawfully convoked Ecumenical Council representing the Church derives its authority immediately from Christ, and every one, the Pope included, is subject to it in matters of faith, in the healing of schism, and the reformation of the Church.”
Having closed the Council on Apr. 22, 1418, in a constitution of May 10, which was not published, he forbade any appeal from the pope to a future council.
But, he obeyed the decree Frequens (Oct. 5, 1417) of Constance requiring councils to be held at regular intervals, he summoned one to meet at Pavia in 5 years.
6 popes later: Sixtus IV {210th P.} in 1478 annulled the decrees of the council of Constance (1414 -17.)
Despite the Decree of the Council of Constance regarding frequent councils, the period between Trent and Vatican I was more than three hundred years and that between Vatican I and Vatican II was ninety-seven years. These are extraordinary periods without the exercise of general episcopal authority.
Alexander VI {212th P.} On Sept. 20, 1493 he signed two Bulls, both sworn to by the trustiest witnesses at his court. The first proving conclusively Cesare Borgia to be the son of Vanozza and her husband; the second, published in secret, acknowledging him as HIS son by Vanozza.
Sixtus V {225th P.} (24 Apr. 1585 - 27 Aug 1590) In Apr. 1588 set about re-writing the Vulgate. With his Bull Aeternus Ille (May 2, 1590) he issued via the) Vatican press a version which was so full of blunders that it had to be withdrawn after his death. “By the fullness of Apostolic power,…this edition…is to be received and held true, lawful, authentic and unquestioned.” It was left to Gregory XIV {227th P.} to limit the damage - a bible issued with the plenitude of papal power, complete with the trimmings of excommunication on the whole church - and it was riddled with errors!
**Urban VIII **{233rd P.} intervened at Galileo’s trial at the Inquisition to say that his friend was to be tortured if he did not conform. By all the normal criteria, the immobility of the earth was CATHOLIC DOCTRINE. It was upheld by every pope, bishop, theologian for centuries. Nor was it implicit. When the teaching was tested, when Copernicus and Galileo cast doubt upon it, the reigning pope and popes for centuries afterwards explicitly condemned it with the plenitude of their power. And they were WRONG!
“In November 1979…a most significant ceremony was held on the occasion of a most significant event: after three and a half centuries, Galileo Galilei had been rehabilitated by the Vatican and Pope John Paul II had made the public proclamation.”
The Bull of Clement XI {241st P.}, *Ex Illa Die, *put an effective end to the Chinese Mission - at the behest of the Dominicans (virtual enemies of the Jesuits.) Pius XII (258th P.} 1939: The Sacred Congregation of Propaganda reversed Clement XI’s decision on the Chinese rites.
St Pius X {255th P.} permitted bishops (June 11, 1905) to relax at their discretion his predecessors’ ban (the Non expedit) on the participation of Catholics in elections. Benedict XV {256th P.} gave his blessing to the Popular Party founded by Dom Luigi Sturzo in Jan. 1919, thereby effectively abolishing the Non expedit.
Pius XI {257th P.) 1930: In* Casti connubi* (on Christian Marriage - its excellence - the Pauline privilege) contrary to tradition, says that sex can begood and holy in itself! Further, “almost everything in (section 54) is against Christian tradition. Augustine and Gregory (the Great) expressly contradict everything in it. They did not distinguish between primary and secondary ends of marriage. Marriage was for procreation; that was not the primary end but the one end that could justify sexual intercourse. Any other purpose added to procreation was sin.”