The word “worship” is another key term that, I think, is the source of much disagreement.
What does worship mean? This is what the Oxford English Dictionary says, which I think is a very good definition:Reverence or veneration paid to a being or power regarded as supernatural or divine; the action or practice of displaying this by appropriate acts, rites, or ceremonies.
I understand the hesitation to describe “worship” in relationship to Angels, but “worship” (like “god”) can mean several things. “Worship” can mean the devotion that is only to be directed to the One Ultimate Being.
“Worship” can also mean, as the definition from the OED above state, any sort of love, reverence, and devotion that is directed towards any sacred person or object that is regarded as supernatural.
In regards to Angels in Christianity, I don’t see how you can say that, at least in Catholicism and Orthodoxy, that Angels are not “worshipped” in the sense of the definition above.
Prayers to Angels, from the
Russian Orthodox tradition:
Prayer to all Holy Heavenly Hosts
All Holy Heavenly Bodiless Hosts,vouchsafe us your
power to cast down all evil and passions under our feet.
Holy bodiless Seraphim, vouchsafe us to have a blazing
heart towards God.
Holy bodiless Cherubim, vouchsafe us to have wisdom
for the glory of God
Holy bodiless Thrones, vouchsafe us to discern the truth
from the untruth.
Holy bodiless Dominions, vouchsafe us to dominate over
passions, so that the spirit should govern over the flesh.
Holy bodiless Powers, vouchsafe us to have courage in
fulfilling the will of God.
Holy bodiless Authorities, vouchsafe us to have the power
of victory over evil.
Holy bodiless Principalities, vouchsafe us to serve the
Lord God in the purity of our hearts and our hands.
Holy bodiless Archangels, vouchsafe us to fulfill the will
of the Lord Jesus Christ.
Holy bodiless Angels, vouchsafe us to instruct the weak
enlightening them in the truth.
Similar prayers may be found in the Latin tradition.
I would also add that the idea of the “worship” of created, supernatural beings (in Greek,
proskynesis, as opposed to
latreia, the adoration due only to the One Ultimate Being), is part of
Catholic tradition:Anastasius,
Bishop of Theopolis (d. 609), who was a friend of
St. Gregory and translated his “Regula pastoralis” into Greek, expresses himself in almost the same way and makes the distinction between
proskynesis and
latreia that became so famous in
Iconoclast times: “
We worship (proskynoumen) men and the
holy angels; we do not adore (latreuomen) them. Moses says: Thou shalt worship thy
God and Him only shalt thou adore.
Behold, before the word ‘adore’ he puts ‘only’, but not before the word ‘worship’, because it is lawful to worship [creatures], since worship is only giving special
honour (
times emphasis), but it is not lawful to adore them nor by any means to give them
prayers of adoration (
proseuxasthai)”
So, to answer the fourth question: Are Angels worshipped? We must say “Yes!”
In terms of the definition of “god” you gave me, Angels are indeed gods.
Now, I have no illusion of convincing people to start saying that Angels are gods, so I rest my case here.