Many folks who promote “descent from a common ancestor” have tried to press St. Augustine into service for theistic evolution, but their efforts always collide with what he actually wrote. For example, in the following passage from City of God, it is clear that St. Augustine understands a “seminal principle” to be the principle of growth inherent to a particular organism. As such, it is the opposite of an evolutionary principle; it is a principle of stablity. Thus, while St. Augustine did envision that some seeds, for example, came to fruition after the creation period, there was no evolution involved. This is abundantly clear in the following passage where he writes that the seminal principle of a human being develops into–a human being!
It is true that the idea of the “seminal principle” is a principle of stability and not of transformism. In Augustine’s view, everything was created at once, but the problem this presents is that we see new beings continually appearing. Augustine attempts to account for the appearance of new beings by means of seminal principles,
rationes seminales, or
rationes causales.
Certain beings were created in finished form (angels, the human soul, the elements, etc). Preformed at the time of creation were the primordial seeds of all living things to come, plants and animals, and Adam’s body. We see from this that Augustine was not a “creationist” in the modern sense of the term, which refers to those who wrongly claim a special creation of each new species or biological system.
The kind of existence those creatures have which were only preformed at the moment of creation is “invisibly, potentially, causally, as future things which have not been made.”
These hidden seeds contain everything future ages are to see unfold. The world is pregnant with causes of beings still to come.
In one sense the world was created complete, since everything was included in the creative act; but in another sense the universe was only created in an unfinished state since everything was to appear over time that was created in their seminal reasons.
The
rationes seminales are composed of the elements, especially water (according to ancient cosmology), but they also contain a principle of activity and development.
They are not a cause of change, as in the modern sense of evolution, which is transformism (“transformism” is what Darwin rightly called his theory; “evolution” was what Herbert Spencer taught, yet Darwin was later credited for “evolution theory”). They are evolutionary according to the etymology of the word “evolution”, e volvere, to unfold.
Transformism and the
rationes seminales are not irreconcilable principles. Horses breed horses, and that is stability; but horses may change over long periods of time, and that is transformism.