The Historicity of Christ

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Would the members of the forum please help me with this problem? I’m looking for extra-biblical sources of christ’s existence for the purpose of evangelizing athiests. Thanks, in christ’s love always,

Skeptictank
 
I read an article responding to this question a while ago. Unfortunately, I can’t seem to find it. I remember the jist of it though. It cited several Jewish and pagan accounts. I remember Josephus (a Jew) was one of them. For me, the strongest argument for Jesus’ existence was the silence of the Jews. The early Christians were seen as enemies to the Jews, and it’s logical that the Jews would have stopped Christianity in its tracks had Jesus been “made up”. In other words, if Jesus had not existed, they would have said something. Instead, the Jews admitted to Christ’s existence, even in such books as their holy Talmud. I admit, it takes faith to believe in the Gospel Jesus. Like in my school history book, Jesus is acknowledged as a historical person, but definitely not the Gospel Jesus. But this reasoning takes a little faith too, considering eleven of the Twelve Apostles were martyred and suffered tremendously for their faith. It seems that if they had just made up the religion that they would not have died for it.
 
I read an article responding to this question a while ago. Unfortunately, I can’t seem to find it. I remember the jist of it though. It cited several Jewish and pagan accounts. I remember Josephus (a Jew) was one of them. For me, the strongest argument for Jesus’ existence was the silence of the Jews. The early Christians were seen as enemies to the Jews, and it’s logical that the Jews would have stopped Christianity in its tracks had Jesus been “made up”. In other words, if Jesus had not existed, they would have said something. Instead, the Jews admitted to Christ’s existence, even in such books as their holy Talmud. I admit, it takes faith to believe in the Gospel Jesus. Like in my school history book, Jesus is acknowledged as a historical person, but definitely not the Gospel Jesus. But this reasoning takes a little faith too, considering eleven of the Twelve Apostles were martyred and suffered tremendously for their faith. It seems that if they had just made up the religion that they would not have died for it.
You would think so, wouldn’t you? I didn’t think of your point that “if christ had been made up the jews would have said something”. That makes a lot of sense. I certainly appreciate you (name removed by moderator)ut. I’ve heard of these sources before, especially josephus, but the problem is that he wrote a lot of stuff, and I don’t have time to wade through it all, at least not at this moment in time. If you happen to find the article, I’d appreciate it if you shared. Thank you so much.

Christ’s love,

Skeptictank
 
Would the members of the forum please help me with this problem? I’m looking for extra-biblical sources of christ’s existence for the purpose of evangelizing athiests. Thanks, in christ’s love always,

Skeptictank
The first would be Tacitus(c. 55 -117 CE) who mentions Christ in the context of persecution of the Christians under Nero (AD 64). Tacitus is considered a reliable scholar of his time,as he had access to Roman archives.

"But not all the relief that could come from man, not all the bounties that the prince could bestow, nor all the atonements which could be presented to the gods, availed to relieve Nero from the infamy of being believed to have ordered the conflagration, the fire of Rome. Hence to suppress the rumor, he falsely charged with the guilt, and punished Christians, who were hated for their enormities. Christus, the founder of the name, was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the reign of Tiberius: but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time broke out again, not only through Judea, where the mischief originated, but
through the city of Rome also, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind."


According to the above:
The name Christus; if taken from the Roman archives, could very well have come from the title given him by the Romans, written in three languages, “King of the Jews” (Anointed One).
Christ was executed while Tiberius was emperor (14-37 AD)
He was executed by order of Pontius Pilate (procurator from 26-36 AD) This fits the time period that Jesus was believed to have been crucified according to the scriptures.

As to whether Pilate was procurator or prefect, the evidence seems to point to scriptures as being correct and Tacitus as relaying an error.

"An inscription found at Caesarea Maritima refers to him as prefect, while Tacitus speaks of him as procurator of that province."

If such information from Tacitus was taken from the Roman archives, which, in my opinion, is the most probable of sources, it alone has enough information needed in order to accept,as an historical figure, Jesus,crucified by Pontus Pilate, founder of the christian cult, from which, circulates a pernicious superstition…being his resurrection.

Next, SUETONIUS (c.115CE)
Suetonius also had ready access to the Imperial and Senatorial archives.

"As the Jews were making constant disturbances at the instigation of
Chrestus, he (Claudius, who reigned A.D. 41-54) expelled them from Rome."


Acts 18:2: There he (Paul) met a jew named Aquila, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscillia, because Claudius had ordered all the jews to leave Rome".

In Acts 17:5 "…the jews were jealous ; so they rounded up some bad characters from the marketplace, formed a mob and started a riot in the city.

In Acts 17:13 " When the jews in Thessalonica learned that Paul was preaching at Berea, they went there too, agitating the crowds and stirring them up."

Paul’s journey in Act 18 is believed to having been in the year 52 AD.The “constant disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus” seems, in my opinion, to be the jews constantly making distubances in towns and cities in order to disrupt the teachings being made concerning the person of Christ.

…continue

Andre
 
…continued

]

Pliny in my opinion is superflous; however, here we see that persecution of christians was specifically religious in nature and was not because christians were enemies of the state.

Gaius Plinius to the Emperor Trajan

…Actually I have never been present at a Examination (cognitio) of Christians, so I do not know what punishment is required or how far it is to be carried out. Nor do I understand the legal grounds for a prosecution… is it the name “Christian” which is prosecutable, even if not involved in criminal actions, or is that “criminality” is automatically attached to the name?

There is a problem in pointing to what punishable crime a christian is to be found guilty. Pliny speaks of an edict he wrote concerning forbiding political societies. However the christian church was not political in nature. Finally Pliny reveals the true reason for persecution against christians. They were simply converting too many Romans to christianity, emptying the Temples of the gods.

**As I continue with this handling of the situation, as often happens, the numbers and kinds of incriminations are becoming more widespread. An anonymous List has been brought out which contains the names of a great many persons…

… I have therefore postponed further Examinations (cognitiones) and made haste to come to you immediately for consultation…

…It is not only the cities, but also the towns and even the country villages which are being infected with this cult-contagion.

It seems possible to check and reverse this direction at this point, for it is quite clear that the Temples of the Gods which have been empty for so long, now begin to be filled again, the sacred rites which had lapsed are now being performed and flesh for sacrificial rites is now sold again at the shops, although for a while nobody would buy it. So it seems reasonable to think that a great many people could be persuaded to reform, IF there were a legal procedure for Repentance. **

Josephus is a good source refering to John the Baptist, Jesus and James, the Lord’s brother.

**Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod’s army came from God, and was a very just punishment for what he did against John called the baptist [the dipper]. For Herod had him killed, although he was a good man and had urged the Jews to exert themselves to virtue, both as to justice toward one another and reverence towards God, and having done so join together in washing.

And so he convened the judges of the Sanhedrin, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, the one called Christ, whose name was James, and certain others, and accusing them of having transgressed the law delivered them up to be stoned.

About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who performed surprising deeds and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Messiah. And when, upon the accusation of the principal men among us, Pilate had condemned him to a cross, those who had first come to love him did not cease. He appeared to them spending a third day restored to life, for the prophets of God had foretold these things and a thousand other marvels about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still to this day not disappeared. **

In a startling find, Shlomo Pines publishes citations of the TF appearing in Arabic and Syriac works of the 9th-10th century. These quotations substantially resemble our current Testimonium, but do not have two of the most suspicious phrases: “he was the Messiah” and “if indeed he can be called a man”. Pines suggests these editions may have used an authentic, uninterpolated version of Josephus’ work. Also,in the version of Agapius,the statement “he appeared to them on the third day is preceded by " They reported…” This simple phrase takes away any idea that Josephus was expressing Christian beliefs he held himself.

So the question now becomes:Who is this Christus people were said to worship as a god? Here, we have an abundance of documents, some recognized as scriptures, others, such as Barnabas,Ignatius and Clement, which are not part of scriptures, were written by disciples of those who claimed to have witnessed the risen Christ.They all seem to agree as to who this Jesus was, what he did and how he died, and that ,on the third day, he appeared to them.To claim that such witnesses, over one hundred in number, never existed, would be quite a feat in trying to get rid of them as historical people. The only valid attack on the christian theory would be that the witnesses lied. However, now we need to explain why were they prepared to die a cruel death because they defended a faith they knew was a lie?

Andre
 
Skeptic Tank,

Hello and welcome to the Catholic Answers Forums! I hope you have a blessed and uplifting time here. And I get a real laugh out of your moniker.

The problem with looking for extra-biblical sources of Christ’s existence is that about the fourth century, the Church got together and put all their best evidences for Christ all in one place, and called it the New Testament. Now the skeptics are asking for evidence that is outside of this body of evidence–in other words, anything that the Church Fathers might have missed.

There are a couple of references to Jesus in the writings of Josephus (but skeptics usually dismiss the more detailed one as a later interpolation) and in the Talmud (or so I believe I heard once). There is also a “Letter from Lentullus” which gives a physical description of Jesus but which is also dismissed as a fake by people who don’t want to take Jesus seriously.

A quick google gives the following:

thenazareneway.com/likeness_of_our_saviour.htm
  • Liberian
 
Josephus Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII chapter 3

“Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.”

Here is another site with extra biblical accounts.
 
In the interest of balance, I think it’s fair to say that there are significant, scholarly arguments that seriously question the validity of all extra-Biblical sources we have for the historical existence of Jesus - every single one, and these aren’t all from non-Christian scholars either.

It would be wonderful to have definitive proof of Jesus’ historicity, but the truth is, we don’t have any, at least not at present. Ultimately, there’s no way around it, it all still comes down to faith. But then, if we did have unquestionable historical proof, faith might not have the same value it has now.

Let me say that it’s not necessarily blind faith, though. We can see the hand of God in many ways, and we can imagine what the world would be like if there had never been any such thing as Christianity.
 
Skeptic Tank,

Hello and welcome to the Catholic Answers Forums! I hope you have a blessed and uplifting time here. And I get a real laugh out of your moniker.
I’m not entirely sure what you mean by a “moniker”, but thank you. I’ve actually been a member for a while, but my registration was “misplaced” or something, so I just re-registered. I don’t know if all of my old posts are still in existence what with the previous hack, but anyway, I’m back. This is a great place to get aid in research.
The problem with looking for extra-biblical sources of Christ’s existence is that about the fourth century, the Church got together and put all their best evidences for Christ all in one place, and called it the New Testament. Now the skeptics are asking for evidence that is outside of this body of evidence–in other words, anything that the Church Fathers might have missed.
Yes, I agree. Skeptics even question the existence of the apostles, saying that their lives were simpley made up to 1) guilt people into faith and 2) so that latter leaders of the church could point at one of the apostles as their teacher, thus making them superior.
There are a couple of references to Jesus in the writings of Josephus (but skeptics usually dismiss the more detailed one as a later interpolation) and in the Talmud (or so I believe I heard once).
Yes, I found one in the talmud in my research.
There is also a “Letter from Lentullus” which gives a physical description of Jesus but which is also dismissed as a fake by people who don’t want to take Jesus seriously.
If this is the one I think you’re talking about, I would dismiss it as well, and I think others have a pretty good reason for dismissing it. once again, if we’re talking about the same physical description, it describes jesus as having blonde hair, blue eyes and fair skin.

Considering Jesus was a Jew, growing up in (Palestine?) This description is extremely unlikely.
A quick google gives the following:
Thanks for your help and thanks to everyone else too. You guys have been great.

Skeptictank
 
In the interest of balance, I think it’s fair to say that there are significant, scholarly arguments that seriously question the validity of all extra-Biblical sources we have for the historical existence of Jesus - every single one, and these aren’t all from non-Christian scholars either.
Yes, that does present a problem.
I would have to dispute this last statement.

"1Th 5:21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. "

"1Th 5:8 But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. "

In the same chapter Paul extols the importance of both proof and faith. In the human sense, I can see how you would value a proven faith less than one which isn’t, but I see no valid reason for this perception, especially in light of scripture.
Let me say that it’s not necessarily blind faith, though. We can see the hand of God in many ways, and we can imagine what the world would be like if there had never been any such thing as Christianity.
The gospels are a powerfull testimony of his existence. The negative argument boils down to, “claims require evidence. Christianity claims the existence of jesus, stories written thousands of years ago are insufficient evidence. All claims are false until proven true. Christianities claim of the existence of jesus is false.” I certainly can’t dispute this logically, though I could use this same argument to dispute the existence of a great many historical figures. I just like to have as much “proof” as possible, as the bible tells me I should.

Skeptictank
[/QUOTE]
 
I see no reason for you not to look for proof, however, I’m pretty sure that you won’t find any if you do so objectively and completely. Just be careful of unintended consequences though.

By the way, the Bible doesn’t tell me to do anything. The Church tells me, but even then, I don’t always necessarily agree with everything it says. The Bible is a guide which is highly subject to interpretation, not a step-by-step instruction manual.
 
I see no reason for you not to look for proof, however, I’m pretty sure that you won’t find any if you do so objectively and completely. Just be careful of unintended consequences though.
My main objection is that proof diminishes the value of faith. I don’t have any particular reason to doubt your integrity. I think that any historical source may be discredited as far as any conclusions which may be drawn from it.
By the way, the Bible doesn’t tell me to do anything.
Really? What do you mean by that, because if you mean what I think you do, it doesn’t seem to make any sense. There are a great deal of commands in the bible, most of which pertain to anyone who calls themselves a follower of christ.
The Church tells me, but even then, I don’t always necessarily agree with everything it says.
What exactly is the relation of this fact with your previous statement?
The Bible is a guide which is highly subject to interpretation, not a step-by-step instruction manual.
Subject to interperetation, yes. Certainly you don’t mean to say that the bible instructs gods childeren do you?

Skeptictank
 
In the interest of balance, I think it’s fair to say that there are significant, scholarly arguments that seriously question the validity of all extra-Biblical sources we have for the historical existence of Jesus - every single one, and these aren’t all from non-Christian scholars either.
If we take Ignatius,Clement, Polycarp or Papias,who all knew the apostles directly, for instance. Who doubt their existence or the authenticity of some of their writings (and why)? If such people’s existence are also questioned, then, what about the next generation, such as Irenaeus, Tertullian or Origen, who all claim to have known the former mentioned disciples of the apostles. Where does the validity question end?
It would be wonderful to have definitive proof of Jesus’ historicity, but the truth is, we don’t have any, at least not at present. Ultimately, there’s no way around it, it all still comes down to faith. But then, if we did have unquestionable historical proof, faith might not have the same value it has now.
Many atheist do indeed believe in the historical Jesus, but not in the miracles He performed nor in His resurrection. In other words, “religious” faith is not needed to believe in the historical Jesus of Nazareth, crucified under Pontius Pilate. Certainly, some do indeed use the argument of doubts about the historicity of Jesus and the apostles, since it is the easiest means to explain away His resurrection. So far, I’m not impressed with their arguments…could you write down your personal concerns for the historical Jesus?
Let me say that it’s not necessarily blind faith, though. We can see the hand of God in many ways, and we can imagine what the world would be like if there had never been any such thing as Christianity.
In my opinion, I don’t see a different world would exist if christianity would not exist. The christian message speaks of a new heaven and a new earth. We need to await for the resurrection of the dead before we see the full effect of the Gospel
of Christ.

Andre
 
For the sake of clarity; in my last post I meant to post the question “you don’t mean to say that the bible doesn’t instruct gods childeren do you?”.

Skeptictank
 
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