I did a paper that included a piece on Exodus and the plagues. Here is an excerpt if it helps:Sometimes, the historical scrutiny of a scientist need not be reconciled with Scripture at all, due to its own shortcomings. For instance when addressing archaeologists who say “there is no conclusive evidence that the Israelites were even in Egypt…ever enslaved…wandered in the Sinai wilderness…or ever conquered the land of Canaan,”20 a simple appeal to a different scientist may suffice.
As mentioned on page 1, one of the reasons some scientists doubt the Israelites in the Sinai wilderness, for example, is because of the lack of materials found there in excavations that would indicate a civilization passing through. According to the research of Dr. Bryant Wood, director of the Associates for Biblical Research in Maryland, “they would not have left evidence of their wanderings because they were nomads with no material culture.” 21
Regarding the Conquest, we can look to a Greek historian, Procopius of Caeserea, from the sixth century A.D.:
They [the Canaanites] also built a fortress in Numidia, where now is the city called Tigisis. In that place are two columns…having Phoenician letters cut in them which say…“We are they who fled from before the face of Joshua, the robber, the son of Nun.” 22
Examining the aforementioned challenged to the ten plagues, we can scrutinize the claim of the species of algae, Haematococcus pluvialis and Euglena sanguinea. (edit for this post: there are scientists who try to explain the plague of blood in the river at the time of the Exodus by a certain species of algae releasing that color) However, science can be found that says these two species are normally not red, and “in turbid, flowing water, they are green.”23 Nor have they been known to exist in Egypt and the Nile. Like alternative theories of the Resurrection, this type of science is purely speculative, specious, and based on plausibility rather than evidence.
But suppose there was little or no counter-science to defend history as has been commonly read in Scripture. Suppose there was definitive evidence that a historical statement in Scripture could be definitively disproved by a historical-critical examination. What does the exegete do? As we learned from Augustine, we embrace the truth, and then reread the text, as the Interpretation of the Bible in the Church tells us: “The literal sense is, from the start, open to further developments, which are produced through the ‘re-reading’ of texts in new contexts.” 24
The historical-critical method can also help the exegete bring special attention to a potentially scientifically inaccurate text:Nevertheless no one, who has a correct idea of biblical inspiration, will be surprised to find, even in the Sacred Writers, as in other ancient authors, certain fixed ways of expounding and narrating, certain definite idioms, especially of a kind peculiar to the Semitic tongues, so-called approximations, and certain hyperbolical modes of expression, nay at times, even paradoxical, which even help to impress the ideas more deeply on the mind. 25------------
20 Watanabe, Teresa. Doubting the Story of Exodus. Los Angeles Times. April 13, 2001. Reprinted at:
http://hierographics.org/DoubtingTheStoryofTheExodus.html Accessed October 12, 2008.
21 Watanabe. Doubting.
22 Quoted in Frendo, Anthony J. Two Long-Lost Phoenician Inscriptions and the Emergence of Ancient Israel. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 134:37-43, Quoted in Wood, Bryant G, PhD. Extra-Biblical Evidence for the Conquest. Associates for Biblical Research. May 30, 2007.
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2007/05/Extra-Biblical-Evidence-for-the-Conquest.aspx Accessed October 13, 2008.
23 Russell Grigg. The ten plagues of Egypt: Miracles or ‘Mother Nature’? Creation 27(1):34-38. December 2004. Reprinted at
http://answersingenesis.org/creation/v27/i1/plagues.asp#f4 Accessed October 19, 2008.
24 Interpretation of the Bible in the Church. II.B.1.f.
25 Divino. #37.
Anyway, there isn’t “conclusive” evidence that it didn’t happen. Scripture itself is a historical document transmitting a tradition too. Also, the sheer volume of people during the Exodus described in Scripture may be more figurative. Perhaps there were not quite as many crossing the wilderness? It is difficult to be definitive, and that’s why studies remain ongoing.