Matthew 3:16 - "
And Jesus being baptized, forthwith came out of the water: and lo, the heavens were opened to him: and he saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming upon him."
Mark 1:10 -
"And forthwith coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit as a dove descending, and remaining on him."
Luke 3:22 -
"And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape, as a dove upon him; and a voice came from heaven: Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased."
John 1:32 -
"And John gave testimony, saying: I saw the Spirit coming down, as a dove from heaven, and he remained upon him."
Some thoughts:
- "and lo, the heavens were opened to him" - the heavens were opened (or the appearance of) so that those who witnessed it may know that the Holy Spirit came from Heaven and that the Voice which spoke came from Heaven.
- ***“and he saw” *** / "I saw" - “and he saw” refers to Christ, but St John has; “I saw”. Here St John relates that John saw the Holy Spirit descending. That is; John saw this as a sign from God.
- "as a dove" - Some of the Church Fathers debate whether it was a real body of a dove which decended or or only the appearance. I think most Catholic exegetes since then think that the appearance is more probable. It was not necessary that the Holy Ghost appear in a physical form, but only one which which had the appearance. Either opinion is acceptable. The only error which could occur would be to think that the Holy Ghost was united hypostatically with a dove - which would be a great error.
Why did the Holy Ghost descend on Christ? - Simply: To give testimony of Him. All present seen it as a Sign, including John.
Why a Dove? - The Holy Ghost gave testimony of Christ. It was fitting that that the one who gave testimony described the nature of the One He gives testimony of. Christ said;
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Matthew 11:29 - “Take up my yoke upon you, and learn of me, because I am meek, and humble of heart: and you shall find rest to your souls.”*
The dove is seen as the most gentle of animals - the dove signifies Grace and Meekness (also the qualities of the Holy Ghost).
- Why did the Holy Ghost descend? To fulfill the prophecies;
Isaias 11: 1- " And there shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise up out of his root. [2] ***And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him: the spirit of wisdom, and of understanding, the spirit of counsel, and of fortitude, the spirit of knowledge, and of godliness. ***[3] And he shall be filled with the spirit of the fear of the Lord. He shall not judge according to the sight of the eyes, nor reprove according to the hearing of the ears. [4] But he shall judge the poor with justice, and shall reprove with equity for the meek of the earth: land he shall strike the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips he shall slay the wicked. [5] And justice shall be the girdle of his loins: and faith the girdle of his reins." etc
The prophecies had to be fulfilled so that all would know that Christ was the messiah.
- "and a voice came from heaven: Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased" - That is not to say “pleased” as in “delighted” etc as some modernists would have it, but In whom God is “appeased” or reconcilled with us.
- Also, many times God gives visions (as at Fatima) and words/messages accompany them. The Dove was a sign, and being silent, the voice accompanied it declaring the reason for it being there. Also, as in the Sacraments which are outward signs of invisible graces inwardly recieved (e.g. you cannot see the Holy Ghost being recieved at Confirmation, but you can see the imposition of the Bishops Hands and anointing which are the external signs) so too was the descent of the Holy Ghost manifested externally as a clear sign in the form of a Dove.
Sorry if this seems long winded/pedantic, but I think that the issue is best explained in light of the Circumstances around it i.e. the Baptism of Christ. The descent after Christs baptism also reminds us that it is the Holy Ghost we recieve at our own baptisms.