There is a prayer that Orthodox Jews say before bedtime every night…the prayer asks God to keep the angels Michael, Raphael, Gavriel and Uriel at their sides while they sleep.
I assume that Catholicism adopted the belief in these angels from Orthodox Judaism?
Yep. That was because belief in seven Archangels is an old one, dating back to post-exilic Judaism (a lot of commentators state that the Jews came up with the names for the Angels while in captivity in Babylon). A lot of ancient Jewish works usually give the number of focal Archangels as seven, with the three higher ones as Michael, Raphael and Gabriel. This belief had then influenced and passed into Christian thought.
The first four is usually consistently named Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel. However, the other three have a greater variation over their names:
-Selaphiel (also Salathiel, Selaphiel or Sealtiel), another archangel whose name comes from 2 Esdras.
-Jegudiel (also Judiel), his name’s origin is rather obscure; there is an Archangel named Jeremiel mentioned in 2 Esdras, which may be Judiel but many believe he is Uriel in another name.
-Barachiel; name comes from 3 Enoch, where he is one of four ruling Seraphim and has 496000 myriads of Angels ministering to him. Barachiel is said to be the chief of the Guardian Angels.
Others give wholly different names that have a great amount of variants.
Perhaps the reason why the Church gives more emphasis to the main three Archangels (and why the other four generally do not have feastdays) is because at the Council of Rome of 745, Pope St. Zachary, intending to clarify the Church’s teaching on the subject of angels and curb a tendency by some toward angel worship, condemned obsession with angelic intervention and angelolatry, but reaffirmed the approval of the practice of the reverence of angels. This synod struck many angels’ names from the list of those eligible for veneration in the Church of Rome.
Only the reverence of the archangels mentioned in the recognized Catholic canon of Scriptures, Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, remained licit (though apparently Uriel and the others somehow ‘crept back’ into popular devotion in many places, even though Uriel’s name was among those that were struck out). This restriction did not seem to affect the Eastern Church, who continued to honor the other four officially beside the Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.