The word
Catholic (
katholikos from
katholou – throughout the whole, i.e., universal) occurs in the Greek classics, e.g., in
Aristotle and Polybius, and was freely used by the
earlier Christian writers in what we may call its primitive and non-ecclesiastical sense. Thus we meet such phrases as the
“the catholic resurrection” (
Justin Martyr), “the catholic
goodness of
God” (
Tertullian), “the four catholic winds” (Irenaeus), where we should now speak of “the general resurrection”, “the absolute or universal goodness of
God”, “the four principal winds”, etc. The word seems in this usage to be opposed to
merikos (partial) or
idios (particular), and one familiar example of this conception still survives in the ancient phrase “Catholic Epistles” as applied to those ofSt. Peter, St. Jude, etc., which were so called as being addressed not to particular local communities, but to the
Church at large.
The combination “the Catholic
Church” (
he katholike ekklesia) is found for the first time in the letter of St. Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, written about the year 110. The words run: “Wheresoever the
bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where
Jesus may be, there is the
universal katholike] Church.”