The Psychology of Belief (sort of)

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Cargo Cults are a belief system in the South Pacific.

From damninteresting.com/john-frum-and-the-cargo-cults

*Every year on February 15th, natives of Tanna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu hold a grand celebration in honor of an imaginary man named John Frum. Villagers clothe themselves in homemade US Army britches, paint “USA” on their bare chests and backs, and run a replica of Old Glory up the flagpole alongside the Marine Corps Emblem and the state flag of Georgia. Barefoot soldiers then march in perfect step in the shadow of Yasur, the island’s active volcano, with red-tipped bamboo “rifles” slung over their shoulders. February 15th is known as John Frum day on Tanna Island, and these activities are the islanders’ holiest religious service.
*

and from Smithsonian smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html

*The island’s John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a “cargo cult”—many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas. As anthropologist Kirk Huffman, who spent 17 years in Vanuatu, explains: “You get cargo cults when the outside world, with all its material wealth, suddenly descends on remote, indigenous tribes.” The locals don’t know where the foreigners’ endless supplies come from and so suspect they were summoned by magic, sent from the spirit world. To entice the Americans back after the war, islanders throughout the region constructed piers and carved airstrips from their fields. They prayed for ships and planes to once again come out of nowhere, bearing all kinds of treasures: jeeps and washing machines, radios and motorcycles, canned meat and candy.

*Read more: smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html#ixzz0jEdkXmxK

I bring this up as an example of how and why religious beliefs can be started (thus the title of the thread). Truly, people will believe anything. I actually find this rather amazing and am interested in what others think.
 
I studied cargo cults in geography class in 7th grade…Bizarre.
 
Are two references about WWII Cargo Cults the best basis for a discussion on the “Psychology of Belief”?
Just curious, as the title of this thread is 'way above my level of education.
 
It demonstrates how religious man is and submissive to the powers of nature he can’t control. Also, how exteremely vulnerable that characteristic makes isolated peoples to other people who are able to wield those powers.
 
I bring this up as an example of how and why religious beliefs can be started (thus the title of the thread). Truly, people will believe anything. I actually find this rather amazing and am interested in what others think.
It does not demonstrate that people will believe anything. It demonstrates that human beings realise intuitively that the mind and spiritual reality are more important and powerful than material things.
 
It does not demonstrate that people will believe anything. It demonstrates that human beings realise intuitively that the mind and spiritual reality are more important and powerful than material things.
It may demonstrate “that human beings [are disposed to believe] that the mind and spiritual reality are more important and powerful than material things,” but it does not demonstrate that they intuitively realize a truth. In fact, these examples call into question the notion that people believe things because they are true. Instead, we have extreme examples of people believing things in spite of the fact that they are false. We have examples here to reinforce the notion that “true” and “false” are separate notions from the notion of what human beings are disposed to believe. In other words, the fact that so many people are disposed to believe in religions does not say anything about the truth of any religion.

Best,
Leela
 
It shows that people are naturally able to believe. Some people later learn to associate ‘believing’ with stupidity and ignorance. But people are not naturally stupid or ignorant. There must be a purpose for such simple trust; why does it have a place in this universe.:hmmm:
 
It shows that people are naturally able to believe. Some people later learn to associate ‘believing’ with stupidity and ignorance. But people are not naturally stupid or ignorant. There must be a purpose for such simple trust; why does it have a place in this universe.:hmmm:
This is the sort of question that Daniel Dennett would like to see studies scientifically, but he has a lot of trouble finding funding for inquiry into religious belief. There is the Templeton Foundation of course, which has all kinds of dough, but they only support research of the sort that hopes to confirm religious dogma such as this $2.4 million dollar study on the efficacy of prayer:

nytimes.com/2006/03/31/health/31pray.html

Best,
Leela
 
Cargo Cults are a belief system in the South Pacific.

From damninteresting.com/john-frum-and-the-cargo-cults

*Every year on February 15th, natives of Tanna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu hold a grand celebration in honor of an imaginary man named John Frum. Villagers clothe themselves in homemade US Army britches, paint “USA” on their bare chests and backs, and run a replica of Old Glory up the flagpole alongside the Marine Corps Emblem and the state flag of Georgia. Barefoot soldiers then march in perfect step in the shadow of Yasur, the island’s active volcano, with red-tipped bamboo “rifles” slung over their shoulders. February 15th is known as John Frum day on Tanna Island, and these activities are the islanders’ holiest religious service.
*

and from Smithsonian smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html

*The island’s John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a “cargo cult”—many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas. As anthropologist Kirk Huffman, who spent 17 years in Vanuatu, explains: “You get cargo cults when the outside world, with all its material wealth, suddenly descends on remote, indigenous tribes.” The locals don’t know where the foreigners’ endless supplies come from and so suspect they were summoned by magic, sent from the spirit world. To entice the Americans back after the war, islanders throughout the region constructed piers and carved airstrips from their fields. They prayed for ships and planes to once again come out of nowhere, bearing all kinds of treasures: jeeps and washing machines, radios and motorcycles, canned meat and candy.

*Read more: smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html#ixzz0jEdkXmxK

I bring this up as an example of how and why religious beliefs can be started (thus the title of the thread). Truly, people will believe anything. I actually find this rather amazing and am interested in what others think.
Why are these belief systems called “cults” rather than “religions”?
 
It may demonstrate “that human beings [are disposed to believe] that the mind and spiritual reality are more important and powerful than material things,” but it does not demonstrate that they intuitively realize a truth. In fact, these examples call into question the notion that people believe things because they are true. Instead, we have extreme examples of people believing things in spite of the fact that they are false. We have examples here to reinforce the notion that “true” and “false” are separate notions from the notion of what human beings are disposed to believe. In other words, the fact that so many people are disposed to believe in religions does not say anything about the truth of any religion.

Best,
Leela
These are the points I was thinking of, thanks.
 
It may demonstrate “that human beings [are disposed to believe] that the mind and spiritual reality are more important and powerful than material things,” but it does not demonstrate that they intuitively realize a truth.
If you disagree the onus is on you to provide an alternative explanation, given that from the dawn of history the vast majority of human beings have believed in spiritual reality.
In fact, these examples call into question the notion that people believe things because they are true. Instead, we have extreme examples of people believing things in spite of the fact that they are false.
The fact that some spiritual beliefs are obviously false does not prove or even suggest that all spiritual beliefs are false…
We have examples here to reinforce the notion that “true” and “false” are separate notions from the notion of what human beings are disposed to believe. In other words, the fact that so many people are disposed to believe in religions does not say anything about the truth of any religion.
But the consensus of spiritual beliefs throughout history and throughout the world clearly calls for an explanation…
 
This is the sort of question that Daniel Dennett would like to see studies scientifically, but he has a lot of trouble finding funding for inquiry into religious belief. There is the Templeton Foundation of course, which has all kinds of dough, but they only support research of the sort that hopes to confirm religious dogma such as this $2.4 million dollar study on the efficacy of prayer:

nytimes.com/2006/03/31/health/31pray.html
You are forgetting that such research is a two-edged sword which either strengthens or weakens belief in the efficacy of prayer…
 
The locals don’t know where the foreigners’ endless supplies come from and so suspect they were summoned by magic, sent from the spirit world.
And they were right. Like Columbus’s’ coconut, it all came from somewhere, it has a source. Where is the source of Life? love? happiness, mercy, humanity…everything…:confused:🤷
 
Cargo Cults are a belief system in the South Pacific.

From damninteresting.com/john-frum-and-the-cargo-cults

*Every year on February 15th, natives of Tanna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu hold a grand celebration in honor of an imaginary man named John Frum. Villagers clothe themselves in homemade US Army britches, paint “USA” on their bare chests and backs, and run a replica of Old Glory up the flagpole alongside the Marine Corps Emblem and the state flag of Georgia. Barefoot soldiers then march in perfect step in the shadow of Yasur, the island’s active volcano, with red-tipped bamboo “rifles” slung over their shoulders. February 15th is known as John Frum day on Tanna Island, and these activities are the islanders’ holiest religious service.
*
On what basis do we assume that this is intended to be a religious service? Are they actually making sacrifices to John Frum, or is it just a day of dress-up and fun, to remember a very striking event in their past?

Also, if they are trying to “conjure” John Frum up to bring them more goodies, it is just as likely that they assume the Americans will learn about this tradition of theirs and come (with all their goodies and stuff) to see what’s going on, isn’t it? 🤷
 
If you read the article you’ll see that the study did not reflect well at all on prayer as was hoped by the religious inquirers:

nytimes.com/2006/03/31/health/31pray.html
The study raises more questions than it answers… One thing is certain. Scientific research will never be able to measure the extent to which prayer promotes moral and spiritual health and development - which in the long run are more important than anything else. What is the value of a magnificent body if we have an diseased mind or a corrupt personality?
 
It shows that people are naturally able to believe. Some people later learn to associate ‘believing’ with stupidity and ignorance. But people are not naturally stupid or ignorant. There must be a purpose for such simple trust; why does it have a place in this universe.:hmmm:
It points out that there must have been a time in human history or experience that everything experienced contributed truth to reality. Man had yet to experience something not to believe or had no reason to not believe everything presented.In other words man had yet to encounter a lie. This must be an archetypal experience given it’s universality. An archtype among archetypes too.
 
The study raises more questions than it answers…
I agree. Like all fruitful inquiry it guides future inquiry. It answer the question, “is praying useful for helping sick people get better?” And it probably raises some other interesting questions that you may not have previously thought to ask.
One thing is certain. Scientific research will never be able to measure the extent to which prayer promotes moral and spiritual health and development - which in the long run are more important than anything else. What is the value of a magnificent body if we have an diseased mind or a corrupt personality?
Though the study shows that praying for the the sick doesn’t help sick people get better, it is still an open question (based on this study) whether prayer helps the person who is doing the praying. I don’t know if there is any research on that issue. I think there probably is, and I wouldn’t be surprised at all if it demonstrates that praying is good in many ways for the person who prays.

Other interesting questions then would be…
what are the benefits of prayer?
what sort of praying is best?
is prayer more efficacious than meditation or other practices for achieving the same ends?
does prayer work better for one who believes than for one who does not believe?

This sort of study of "the psychology of belief: is sorely needed. Why is it that no one is very interested in doing this sort of research?

Best,
Leela
 
Cargo Cults are a belief system in the South Pacific.

From damninteresting.com/john-frum-and-the-cargo-cults

*Every year on February 15th, natives of Tanna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu hold a grand celebration in honor of an imaginary man named John Frum. Villagers clothe themselves in homemade US Army britches, paint “USA” on their bare chests and backs, and run a replica of Old Glory up the flagpole alongside the Marine Corps Emblem and the state flag of Georgia. Barefoot soldiers then march in perfect step in the shadow of Yasur, the island’s active volcano, with red-tipped bamboo “rifles” slung over their shoulders. February 15th is known as John Frum day on Tanna Island, and these activities are the islanders’ holiest religious service.
*

and from Smithsonian smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html

*The island’s John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a “cargo cult”—many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas. As anthropologist Kirk Huffman, who spent 17 years in Vanuatu, explains: “You get cargo cults when the outside world, with all its material wealth, suddenly descends on remote, indigenous tribes.” The locals don’t know where the foreigners’ endless supplies come from and so suspect they were summoned by magic, sent from the spirit world. To entice the Americans back after the war, islanders throughout the region constructed piers and carved airstrips from their fields. They prayed for ships and planes to once again come out of nowhere, bearing all kinds of treasures: jeeps and washing machines, radios and motorcycles, canned meat and candy.

*Read more: smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html#ixzz0jEdkXmxK

I bring this up as an example of how and why religious beliefs can be started (thus the title of the thread). Truly, people will believe anything. I actually find this rather amazing and am interested in what others think.
It’s interesting, but not amazing. My question is: why do you think your claim follows from the two blurbs you’ve posted?

Compare: “Many inhabitants still revere village sorcerers, who use spirit-possessed stones in magic rituals that can lure a new lover, fatten a pig or kill an enemy.” Now obviously your general claim is not true that “people will believe anything,” that’s obviously nonsense. It is true that people have diverse beliefs and what they will be willing to accept depends on what they already believe (that would be a more sensible thing to say).
 
Cargo Cults are a belief system in the South Pacific.

From damninteresting.com/john-frum-and-the-cargo-cults

*Every year on February 15th, natives of Tanna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu hold a grand celebration in honor of an imaginary man named John Frum. Villagers clothe themselves in homemade US Army britches, paint “USA” on their bare chests and backs, and run a replica of Old Glory up the flagpole alongside the Marine Corps Emblem and the state flag of Georgia. Barefoot soldiers then march in perfect step in the shadow of Yasur, the island’s active volcano, with red-tipped bamboo “rifles” slung over their shoulders. February 15th is known as John Frum day on Tanna Island, and these activities are the islanders’ holiest religious service.
*

and from Smithsonian smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html

*The island’s John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a “cargo cult”—many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas. As anthropologist Kirk Huffman, who spent 17 years in Vanuatu, explains: “You get cargo cults when the outside world, with all its material wealth, suddenly descends on remote, indigenous tribes.” The locals don’t know where the foreigners’ endless supplies come from and so suspect they were summoned by magic, sent from the spirit world. To entice the Americans back after the war, islanders throughout the region constructed piers and carved airstrips from their fields. They prayed for ships and planes to once again come out of nowhere, bearing all kinds of treasures: jeeps and washing machines, radios and motorcycles, canned meat and candy.

*Read more: smithsonianmag.com/people-places/john.html#ixzz0jEdkXmxK

I bring this up as an example of how and why religious beliefs can be started (thus the title of the thread). Truly, people will believe anything. I actually find this rather amazing and am interested in what others think.
These people actually had good reason to believe that these men had magic powers, within the context of their worldview . Magic and the spirit world was already a part of their everyday lives. Adding some men they knew of in their own lives who had all sorts of stuff they had never encountered, and which could not be explained to them due to language barriers, etc., to their already-existent worldview is not very remarkable.

All it illustrates is the tendency for people to accept explanations that actually make sense to them. When you say “Truly, people will believe anything.” it is sort of demeaning-without the benefit of modern education and a first- world life experience, what else could they be expected to believe?
 
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