Yet another wandering atheist arrives.
Regarding the cosmological questions that have been discussed previously:
The “classic” version;
1: Everything that exists has a cause
2: The Universe exists
3: Therefore the universe must have some uncaused cause, which is God.
The problem with this argument, as previously mentioned, is that the conclusion contradicts premise 1 - it claims that there is a thing which exists and is uncaused. And without 1, the argument doesn’t work; end of story.
Furthermore, there are reasons to doubt applying premise 1 to the universe. As I think Ty alluded to, the principle of causality is an inductively discovered one. It seems to be true because we observe causes for most of the things we see in nature. The problem is that applying this principle to the universe is what is sometimes called a “category error.” A good example of such an error is assuming that the number 5 must have some particular color. We’ve never been “outside” a universe; all our observations come from within this universe; hence it would be wrong to apply the principle of causality to the universe itself. This criticism also applies to the KCA (below).
The Kalam cosmological argument:
1: Everything that begins to exist has a cause
2: The universe began to exist
3: Therefore the universe hass a beginingless cause, which is God.
1: As was mentioned previously, there is good evidence that there are events that begin to exist without causes on the quantum level. As was also noted, it is possible that quantum mechanics as a theory is wrong. But as of right now, it appears to be pretty true; so pending strong evidence that it is false we should be wary of premise 1.
2: This is where the major problems come in. For a thing to begin to exist, there must have been a time when it did not exist, and a later time when it did. But time is a part of the universe, as it were. It would be neat if ya’ll could point to the time when the universe did not exist.
Secondly, we are neglecting the possibility that the universe might be finite but unbounded - rather like the surface of a sphere is finite in area, yet has no edges. Indeed, as Steven Hawking says:
“The quantum theory of gravity has opened up a new possibility, in which there would be no boundary to space-time and so there would be no need to specify the behavior at the boundary. There would be no singularities at which the laws of science broke down and no edge of space-time at which one would have to appeal to God or some new law to set the boundary conditions for space-time. One could say: ‘The boundary condition of the universe is that it has no boundary.’ The universe would be completely self-contained and not affected by anything outside itself. It would neither be created nor destroyed. It would just BE.”
Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam, 1988), p. 136.