It should also be mentioned that the Church uses the term Paschal for that season that Martin Luther called Easter. In fact, Martin Luther was the one who associated the term Easter with the Paschal season.
Hey, don’t blame poor ol’ Luther.
In olden time the English people – for it did not seem fitting to me that I should speak of other people’s observance of the year and yet be silent about my own nation’s – calculated their months according to the course of the moon. Hence, after the manner of the Greeks and the Romans (the months) take their name from the Moon, for the Moon is called
mona and the month
monath.
The first month, which the Latins call January, is
Giuli; February is called
Solmonath; March
Hrethmonath; April,
Eosturmonath; May,
Thrimilchi; June,
Litha; July, also
Litha; August,
Weodmonath; September,
Halegmonath; October,
Winterfilleth; November,
Blodmonath; December,
Giuli, the same name by which January is called. …]
Nor is it irrelevant if we take the time to translate the names of the other months. …
Hrethmonath is named for their goddess Hretha, to whom they sacrificed at this time.
Eosturmonath has a name which is now translated “Paschal month” (Paschalis mensis), and which was once called after a goddess of theirs named Eostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month. Now they designate that Paschal season by her name, calling the joys of the new rite by the time-honoured name of the old observance. Thrimilchi was so called because in that month the cattle were milked three times a day…
- Venerable Bede, De temporum ratione (AD 725)
Both English
Easter and standard German
Ostern are thought to ultimately from a Proto-Germanic word, *
Austrǭ ‘dawn’. This word itself is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European words for ‘dawn’ or ‘to shine’ (modern English east also derives from this root). *
Austrō thus seems to be a Germanic goddess of dawn, herself ultimately coming from the Proto-Indo-European
Hausos, the personification of the dawn as a young woman.
Specifically speaking, English Easter is descended from *
Austrǭ by way of Old English/Anglo-Saxon
ēastre or
ēostre (specifically, the term
Ēosturmōnath/
Ēastermōnath ‘Ēostre’s Month’)), while
Ostern is its descendant via Old High German
ōstara (
Ôstarmânoth). It happened that both the Anglo-Saxons and the High Germans shared the same name for the month of April: ‘Ēostre’s/Ôstar’s Month’. And because Easter oftentimes fell during April, the same month when these tribes originally held feasts in honor of Ēostre’s/Ôstar before they became Christians, they applied the name to the feastday as well. (Bede in the 8th century seems to imply that the cult of Ēostre was already dead among the Anglo-Saxons in his time.)
(To be specific, the Old English for Easter is not the singular feminine noun
Ēastre, but instead the plural
Ēastrun/
Ēastron/
Ēastran, or the neuter plural
Ēastru/
Ēastro.)
Here’s the interesting thing. Some of the westernmost Slavs who were in contact with the Germanic tribes adopted the Germanic name, with the result that Easter is called
Jastrë in Kashubian (a sister language to Polish spoken by a minority in Polish Pomerania),
jutry in Upper Sorbian, and
jatšy in Lower Sorbian (the Sorbs are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany) - all related to
Ēastre and
Ôstara.