J
JReducation
Guest
Wait a minute, there were many monasteris in Europe, but they were being reformed by the Clunia, Cistercian, Camaldolese and Chatreux movements because they had lost the original spirit of St. Benedict.Well let me see. The continent of Europe, and the UK was entirely Roman Catholic. There was hundreds of Monasteries, mendecant orders, etcc all over the UK and Europe. The laity were very pious. We had a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury and York. No female priests roaming the high altars of Exeter or Salisbury Cathedrals. And churches and Cathedrals back in those days were built properly. I think the Middle Ages weren’t to bad. No worse than today.![]()
There were not hundreds of mendicant orders. There were many penitential movements and most of them were supressed by Innocent III. The first mendicant order was the Franciscan Order in 1209, it received the Bull of Honorius in 1223, which established it as an order of pontifical right. Within the same four months the Dominicans were founded, but were never given approval as an independent order, to this day. They continue to be bound to the Rule of St. Augustine a it was lived by the Canons Regula of St. Augustine. The Canons were not mendicant, they were monastic who did the work of secular priests. The Dominicans were mendicant, but followed a monastic rule. Eventually, the Carmelites returned from the Holy Land, but they were hermits. It was not until the end of the Middle Ages that they were given a status as a mendican order. To this day the only mendicant orders in the Church are: Carmelites, Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, Trinitarians and Mercedarians. I’m not sure where you’re getting these hundreds of mendicant orders. Pope Gregory IX put an end to the foundation of new orders, mendicant and monastic. A future foundations were either congregations of simple vows or pontifical institutes of solemn vows that are part of the mendicant orders approved during the Middle Ages.
The laity was no more pious than the laity today. They complied with observance of Catholic teaching. That does not make the pious. In fact the Secular Orders were founded to convert the laity. The first were the Franciscans, then Dominicans and later Carmelites. The Secular Franciscans were mandated by the rule that St. Francis wrote forbade them to pledge allegience to any lay civil authority, because they were currupt. It also forbade them to bear arms in defence of their country, because the lay governments were sinful and abusive. They were forbidden from serving inthe Armed Forces to reduce the conflicts for power between nationsl. If Francis of Assisi and Dominic felt it was necessary to impose these obligations on the laity, it does not sound like it was such a pious world.
Churches and cathedrals were USUALLY built properly. Remember how Francis of Assisi began his ministry. He began by rebuiltind churches and chapels that were allowed to fall apart and then abandoned because they were useless. At San Damiano, the priest could not celebrate mass because the Church was not fit for human beings. The Blessed Sacrament was hidden and the sacred books were often tossed on shelves. For that reason Francis insisted that the tabernacle be moved to the center altar and wrote into the rule of the Franciscan Order that they should clean, refurbish and preserve the liturgical books that they found thrown around and neglected.
The Tridentine Mass as we know it today began with a simple discarded missal that Innocent III gave to Francis of Assisi during the Lateran Council. The friars were so poor that their chaplain did not have a missal. Innocent gave them a cast away missal. During a 300 year period this missal was adopted by many parishes and other religous communities. But even with the adoption, there were variations. It was the Council of Trent that ordered it formatted to be the same. But it took 40 years for this happe. It was Pius V who made it happen.
There were no female priests, but there were abbesses who had the same authority as the bishops. All priests in their jurisdiction answered to them. They disciplined, assigned and looked over the formation of priests, because the secular clergy was almost iliterate and the abbesses were highly educated in languages, philosophy, theology, and humanities.
Let us not forget the many heretical movements that led to the Protestant Reformation.
I don’t believe that the Middle Ages wee better or worse. I believe that they had very different issues.
Fraternally,
Br. JR, OSF