The role of the pope.
The role of the laity (or lack thereof) in any hierarchical decisions.
The sheer quantity of magisterial teaching Catholics are expected to hold true.
There’s more, but as far Catholicism goes (as opposed to Catholics), most of it stems from that.
My friend, thank you for sharing your questions:
Space limits prohibit a full reply
The Pope: ** The role of the Pope; like the Church Herself has evolved as She grew. Now some 2,000 years old; with over 1 BILLION Catholics, worldwide, **we continue the line of “Succession” of our Popes from Peter to now Francis.
The position flows directly from Jesus Himself who choose Peter to lead; to be his “Prime minister,” as was common at that time and place for walled in cities such as Jerusalem was and is. Each such walled-in-city normally had a king; but here because of the Roman conquest, had Pilate who was “governor” appointed by Rome, at the time of Christ visitation.
The king would normally appoint a Prime minister who had unlimited power of day to day governance; actually did have the key to the cities gates, and who answered ONLY to the king. Thus Peter & Successors answer only to Christ; and also have as is essential everything essential for the growth and mission of the Church is also given directly and exclusively to Peter; the apostles through Peter, and their successors.
Ad yes all of this is Biblical
Mt, 10: 1-8 “And he called to him his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every infirmity. The names of the twelve apostles are these:** first, Simon, who is called Peter**, and Andrew his brother; … These twelve Jesus sent out, charging them, "
Go nowhere among the Gentiles, and enter no town of the Samaritans, but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers, cast out demons. “
Mt. 16: 18-19 “And I tell you, you are Peter, and on [YOU] this rock I will build my church, [singular] and the powers of death shall not prevail against it.** I will give YOU**all of] the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever YOU bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever YOU loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
**John 21: 15-17 **“When they had finished breakfast, Jesus said to Simon Peter, “Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these?” He said to him, “Yes, Lord; you know that I love you.”
He said to him, “Feed my lambs.” A second time he said to him, “Simon, son of John, do you love me?” He said to him, “Yes, Lord; you know that I love you.” **He said to him, **“Tend my sheep.”
He said to him the third time, “Simon, son of John, do you love me?” Peter was grieved because he said to him the third time, “Do you love me?” And he said to him, “Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you.” Jesus said to him, "Feed my sheep”
**Mt. 28: 16-20 **“Now the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain to which Jesus had directed them. And Jesus came and said to them,
Go YOU therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,** teaching them to observe all that I have commanded YOU;** and lo, I am with YOU always, to the close of the age."
As for Laities role:
**Rom.10: 17 **“
So faith comes from what is heard, and what is heard comes by the preaching of Christ. “
We are to know well our faith
Practice it fully
Teach and share, and when necessary, defend it as the Holy Spirit presents the opportunities.
Live it publicly as witness for all to see
The RCC is a Missionary Church. And each of Her members has the responsibility; if by no other way; by right example; to GO! And be the “light on the hillside for ALL to see.”
As for the volume of Magisterial teachings:
While practices may vary a bit by country; the “Sense of Faith” [the taught understanding] is ONE and uniform throughout the world.
One God
Who can and does have just **One set of Faith beliefs
**
& **One Chosen People Exo. 6:7; Mt 16:18 **which Jesus in the NT choose to call “My Church.” Singular.
**John 17: 18-19 **
“As thou didst send me into the world, so I have sent them into the world.
And for their sake I consecrate myself, that they also may be consecrated in truth”
The Popes in a literal sense have been granted a portion of GOD’S Own authority and Power. Mt. 10 above and here we find Jesus proclaiming: Cf. As My father sent Me, I NOW send YOU. Then we find Jesus literally giving Himself as the personal warranty of His Church teaching His [singular] set of Faith beliefs.
NOTE: God gave Moses 10 Commandments, which had some 600 additions ADDED to it which God accepted.
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