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The Sanhedrin were the council or group of Priests, of whom Caiaphus after Anais , was High Priest at the time of Jesus Christ’s Passion. They held courts, judged, etc.
They put Jesus on trial. It was a very tumultuous time politically. The Jews were under Roman rule. There was foment everywhere. The Sanhedrin would be trying to keep a
Lid on things. Jesus Christ had a huge following and was called King, Messiah, taught about God. He had been a target for some time.
Raca was a kind of put down, meaning proud , vain, worthless. So I guess its use as an insult made the insulter answerable to the Sanhedrin.
The insult ‘fool’ , must have been worse and meant hell.
But the lesson is to go make it right with the person you insulted, offended, fought with, slandered etc, before coming to the alter. Or else you will be judge similarily.
biblehub.com/matthew/5-22.htm
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Anger and Reconciliation
21You have heard that it was said to the ancients, ‘Do not murder, and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment.’ 22But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to his brother, ‘Raca,’ will be subject to the Sanhedrin. But anyone who says, ‘You fool!’ will be subject to the fire of hell. 23Therefore if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you,…
Matthew Henry Commentary
5:21-26 The Jewish teachers had taught, that nothing except actual murder was forbidden by the sixth commandment. Thus they explained away its spiritual meaning. Christ showed the full meaning of this commandment; according to which we must be judged hereafter, and therefore ought to be ruled now. All rash anger is heart murder. By our brother, here, we are to understand any person, though ever so much below us, for we are all made of one blood. Raca, is a scornful word, and comes from pride: Thou fool, is a spiteful word, and comes from hatred. Malicious slanders and censures are poison that kills secretly and slowly. Christ told them that how light soever they made of these sins, they would certainly be called into judgment for them. We ought carefully to preserve Christian love and peace with all our brethren; and if at any time there is a quarrel, we should confess our fault, humble ourselves to our brother, making or offering satisfaction for wrong done in word or deed: and we should do this quickly; because, till this is done, we are unfit for communion with God in holy ordinances. And when we are preparing for any religious exercises, it is good for us to make that an occasion of serious reflection and self-examination. What is here said is very applicable to our being reconciled to God through Christ. While we are alive, we are in the way to his judgement-seat; after death, it will be too late. When we consider the importance of the case, and the uncertainty of life, how needful it is to seek peace with God, without delay
