What makes a Catholic ... Catholic?

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But Baptism alone does not ensure salvation, otherwise our journey of faith would end at the font.
 
Well, sort of. It is not possible to erase the mark of baptism, but it is possible to formally renounce the Church. (The Church really isn’t a Hotel California…)

For the abandonment of the Catholic Church to be validly configured as a true actus formalis defectionis ab Ecclesia so that the exceptions foreseen in the previously mentioned canons would apply, it is necessary that there concretely be:

a) the internal decision to leave the Catholic Church;
b) the realization and external manifestation of that decision; and
c) the reception of that decision by the competent ecclesiastical authority…

… the formal act of defection must have more than a juridical-administrative character (the removal of one’s name from a Church membership registry maintained by the government in order to produce certain civil consequences), but be configured as a true separation from the constitutive elements of the life of the Church: it supposes, therefore, an act of apostasy, heresy or schism…

…It remains clear, in any event, that the sacramental bond of belonging to the Body of Christ that is the Church, conferred by the baptismal character, is an ontological and permanent bond which is not lost by reason of any act or fact of defection…


http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/p..._intrptxt_doc_20060313_actus-formalis_en.html
 
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