Clearly, there are numerous passages in Paul’s letters where fornication is condemned. But let’s take a closer look. The word “fornication” derives from the Latin word “fornix” which means “arch”. In ancient Rome, prostitutes practiced their trade under archways of certain buildings. We know that Paul’s strongest condemnation is in his letters to the Corinthians, being that Corinth was a party city at the time (being a port city, soldiers and traders looked for action). Therefore, it would seem that the premarital sex that Paul was addressing was of a very casual sort (prostitution, orgies). Also at the time, marriage tended to be arranged, and people didn’t really date like we do today.
This is true. Fornication as practiced in ancient times tended to involve prostitution or what we call “one night stands.”
Especially in Jewish culture, married couples were protected from the sin of fornication because they exchanged matrimonial consent a year prior to moving into together. (Unless they were previously married, in which case, it would be about 3 weeks) They were expected to abstain from sex until the day the bride moved in with her husband. If they did consummate their marriage early, this would not be sin since they already exchanged matrimonial consent. It would be held as imprudent and be taboo, but it wouldn’t be what we do today. Overall they were guarded by such sins by “courting/dating” after they were exchanged consent. If they wished to seperate, they divorced each other. There was an understanding that consummating the marriage changed something.
This helps to illuminate Christ’s statement that “If you divorce and marry another (except in the case of sexual immorality), you commit adultery.” He’s not talking about annullments and marriage tribunals.
I think we can understand this in some arguments progressive Christians give in defense of premarital sex. I’ve seen it said that according to the old testament, sex is what marries you. As such, they argue that even before the wedding day, once the couple has engaged in sex, they’re already husband and wife. The wedding is just a formality. But Christ specifically mentions sexual immorality. Having sex with a prostitute does not make her your wife. The same is true with any form of sexual relations that occur prior to matrimonial consent. They lack the consent and thus allow you to go your seperate ways even if you’ve been sexually engaged (however sinfully).
Thus we call sex consummating the marriage and it is at the consummation that the couple completes their act of marrying each other and makes it fully indisoluble, though they were married previously.
The manner in which we date today is thus the problem. The immorality lies in that while we’re more committed to each other than to a prostitute, we’re less committed than marriage. Thus we get around the indisolubility factor. We permit the hardness of our hearts and wait and wait and wait to marry till we’re assured of our happiness or our biological clock starts ticking and our relatives are all like “Why aren’t you married yet? Are you going to wait till your 40?”
Fornication is always wrong, but I’m just pointing out that there are different levels. Disagree? Do you equate a person bar hopping looking to get laid on a weekend to a person who makes love to his fiancee a month before the wedding? By definition, they’re both fornication, but the former seems to be the kind that Paul was addressing. And let’s face it, the former is much more sinful.
I would say that the former is more objectively diliberately sinning. The engaged couple giving into their passions a month before their wedding are suffering the consequences of the fact that our culture’s dating culture is a near occassion of sin mostly for the sake of pursuing the experience of falling in love (which classically was held as a form of lust tempting married couples to adultery by promising them something that form of “love” does not fulfill).
I think the other part of it is that in intent, couples who do validly marry, express their intent at the proposal. It is canon law that restricts us from validly exchanging this consent till our wedding day. Its also a product of the wedding industry. We like big weddings. But even aside from arranged marriages, there was a day where you could approach your priest and get married that very same day. Now the Church uses the engagement period as a time to make up for our poor dating practices and shotty catechetical formation in regards to our theology on Christian marriage.
Its not a perfect system. Fornication is a grave offense and should be treated as such. A couple should strive to do all they can to wait for their wedding day (and people do succeed. Its not entirely impossible), but there should be an expectation that sin will rear its head. Its good to thus go to confession more requirely while dating and engaged simply because the practices can be occassions of sin.