So my question is, why? Why not adopt Schopenhauer’s nihilistic attitude and say screw everything? im sure youve had to answer this before, and i dont mean to be monotonous, but it really does intrigue me. If someone doesnt agree with you about morality, what is the appeal to? If morals are really only some sort of evolutionary social construct, then how can one claim something is wrong or right? If we are just animals, then why care if we act as animals, how could we even condemn Hitler’s actions?
Well, it’s probably a good idea to establish where I think morality and religion come from, so we can have a basis for discussion…
I don’t believe morals have a divine source.
Morality is a means of maintaining social order and holding people accountable to a larger good. Michael Shermer, in his book “How We Believe” offers an explanation for the development of morals and morality that I find very compelling. He asserts (with sources) that morality developed over time as humanity progressed from small, hunter-gatherer, family-based groups, to ever larger and more complicated organizations. The reason for this is that in small family groups, order is maintained via the authority of the leader in face-to-face encounters. But as families joined into clans, a new way of keeping order and fostering the greater good evolved. One means by which this may have happened was by means of stories. Shermer cites the myth of Beowulf as a sample of the reinforcement of Old Germanic values (courage, loyalty, pride and duty, among others). From stories like these, values that made the group cohesive and safe in a dangerous world were passed on to new generations.
Additionally, the concept of reciprocal altruism developed as a means to strengthen the bonds within larger groups. Groups that were cooperative and helpful towards their members prospered, while those that were selfish and vindictive faded away. Morality developed as a means to test the trustworthiness of members within a group (“Hmmm, it seems Morthgar has not been attending the cleansing ritual lately, I wonder if he can be trusted with my children?”). This is the basis of morality; and the codification of morality into general rules, and assignation of authority to a deity (by which the rules became linked to eternity, rather than any specific generation) evolved into religion. To quote Shermer,
“Religion is a social institution that evolved as an integral mechanism of human culture to create and promote myths, to encourage altruism and reciprocal altruism, and to reveal the level of commitment to cooperate and reciprocate among the members of the community.”
So, why be moral?
Simply, because I am a part of a larger society, and it is in my interest (and the larger interest of society as a whole) that I should be seen as cooperative and trustworthy; also, I know that I will occasionally need help and would want someone to offer aid at that time; and experience tells me that there are others out there right now how could use my help, which I should freely offer when I can.
Christians call this the Golden Rule, but it was around long before Jesus:
- Confucius, The Doctrine of the Mean, 13 (c. 500 B.C.), “What you do not want others to do to you, do not do to others.”
- Isocrates (c. 375 B.C.), “Do not do to others what would anger you if done to you by others.”
- Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers (c. 150 B.C), “The question was once put to Aristotle how we ought to behave to our friends, and his answer was, ‘As we should wish them to behave to us.’”
- The Mahabharata (c. 150 B.C.), “This is the sum of all true righteousness: deal with others as thou wouldst thyself be dealt by. Do nothing to thy neighbor which thou wouldst not have him to to thee hereafter.”