Sure maybe you can argue philosophically for the existence of God but, why believe that God is Yahweh of the Bible? There are thousands of religions out there, and the adherents of those religions believe in them just as strongly as other adherents in other religions. What evidence is there for Christianity over Judaism or Islam or Hinduism or Buddhism or any other religion?
Atheist here. I don’t see these as strong arguments against Christianity, at least in the form of Catholicism. Catholics as I understand it say that it is philisophically possible to demonstrate that a god exists, but they do not argue that you can reason to the existence of the God in which they believe. This, they say, depends on faith and is informed by, but not caused by, scripture and tradition.
There is really no way into this argument since it postulates the existence of knowledge (faith) which is transmitted in a non-material way to an immeasurable but (they say) real spiritual aspect of each human being, i.e. a soul.
The arguments of other religions are similarly defensible and largely for the same reason. There are some religions that make claims that can be demonstrated to be false that are central to that system of belief, but not Catholicism. The things in Catholicism I see as being able to be demonstrated to be false (some approved miracles for example) are peripheral. Catholicism could get by perfectly well without them. The claims that are central to Catholicism are not testable (the resurrection, transubstantiation, forgiveness of sins, existence of heaven and hell and so on).
It would be possible I suppose to rank religions in terms of the likelihood or not of their central claims but I do not know on what basis this could be done that people would agree with. On average I would think that religions that make very few specific claims (like Unitarianism or Buddhism) would be likely to come out on top. But what would that prove?
Religious people have faith. Atheists and agnostics don’t. There is no point in an agnostic demanding a non-faith explanation for things believed on faith, or for a religious person demanding that an agnostic accept that the claims of faith are not that, but rather the result of observation and reason.