GOODNESS GRACIOUS!
What is Grace, actually?
Just for points of discussion, I will boost some words from a Catholic website without comment at this time. Does this fairly well represent the Latin Catholic understanding of Grace? Does it meld well with the understanding of other confessions, like the Lutheran, or the Orthodox?
LECTURE FIVE. GRACE
Mindful that we cannot achieve our end simply by our own abilities, we need divine assistance. “Grace” is the theological term for this divine aid.
CCC #1996: “Grace is favor, the free and undeserved help that God gives us to respond to his call to become children of God, adoptive sons, partakers of the divine nature and of eternal life.” This lecture will consider the topic of grace under several headings: participation in the life of God, the indwelling of the Trinity, the types of grace (sanctifying and actual grace), the infused virtues, and the gifts of the Holy Spirit.
A. Some general remarks.
Grace is “a participation in the life of God” (CCC #1997). In one sense of the word, grace (“uncreated grace”) refers to the inner life of God as he communicates himself to his creatures. In the more familiar sense of the word as some benefit freely bestowed on creatures by God, “created grace” refers to the effect God produces in souls by his presence to them (especially as a kind of help in weakness or distress). In both cases, the function of grace is to make us capable of living a life that belongs properly to God alone but that He has chosen to share with us.
One can see this rather directly in a grace like faith, which gives us to know the reality of God’s existence and His love even though we have not seen God directly or come to know Him by any of the normal routes by which we come to know anything.
B. The Indwelling of the Trinity
In order to correct the notion that grace is limited simply to occasional divine assistance, it may be helpful to consider the doctrine of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit and thereby the Trinity.
See John 14:16-17 and 14:23: “And I will pray the Father, and he will give you another Counselor, to be with you forever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him; you know him, for he dwells with you, and will be in you… If a man loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him.”
See also 1 John 4:16, 1 Corinthians 3:16-17 and 6:19, and 2 Timothy 1:14) for some of Scripture’s ways of expressing that God dwells in the soul in grace.
As the Council of Trent explained, those who fall into mortal sin are in dire straits for “after they have received the gift of the Holy Spirit, [they] have not been afraid to destroy knowingly the temple of God and grieve the Holy Spirit” (Decree on Justification, 7; Denzinger 799, 1528).
What does God do when dwelling within us? The most important thing is that He communicates Himself to us – He gives us a share in His nature and life by which our loves can be restored to the likeness of the Father that exists in Christ but that was disordered in us by original sin and compounded by each actual sin. As Thomas Aquinas notes, “By the gift of sanctifying grace, the rational creature is perfected so that it can freely use not only that created gift but enjoy the divine person himself” (Summa theologiae I, 43, 3).
Also…
C. The types of grace: sanctifying grace and actual grace
On the side of God, grace is one, but various divisions have been suggested by theologians for the sake of understanding better the mystery of God’s gift of supernatural life.
The primary type of grace is the habitual or sanctifying grace by which we are adopted as children of God and made heirs of heaven. It is called “habitual” because it abides within us somewhat like the habits that become second nature to us through our chosen activities, whether habits like piano playing or specifically moral habits like temperance and justice. Sanctifying grace is intended to be permanent as the bond of union between God and the soul but it can be lost by committing a mortal sin.
Actual graces are understood by analogy to sanctifying grace. These special aids from God in our moments of need and weakness help us to act as we should. These actual graces are related to the ways in which we freely choose to cooperate with God and testify to the need that even a just person has for special help from God to avoid sin and persevere in friendship with God. There is need always to pray for the grace of perseverance.
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