Let us not forget the affect of taxation on the poor both inside and outside the Church.
Over the final decades of the 15th and the early decades of the 16th century, the costs for administrating the early medieval state had been rising, in a considerable part due to a transition in warfare that forced rulers/estates to rely on costly artillery and mercenaries instead of (unpaid) knights. The cannon technology again made improvements in the fortifications of castles and city walls necessary.
The partitioning of territories among the sons of a ruler resulted in the creation of new political centers (residences), another source of state expense. The estates of states burdened with a huge debt dealt with the problem by approving extraordinary taxation… The bulk of the burden fell on… the peasants…
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The war against the Turks
and other crises, the erection of churches and monasteries [led to] abuses [which] were heightened by the fact that secular rulers frequently forbade the promulgation of indulgences within their territories, consenting only on condition that a portion of the receipts should be given to them.
In practice, therefore, and in the public mind the promulgation of indulgences took on an economic aspect, and, as they were frequent, many came to regard them as an oppressive tax.
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And dang! I have a book on St Francis of Assisi that describes in detail the practice of indulgences well before the Reformation. Unfortunately it is lost in some box which I haven’t unpacked yet from my move. I did find this however which may serve to give those unfamiliar with indulgences some clearer idea of their normalcy in religious life:
… It is related that once, while Francis was praying at the Porziuncola, Christ appeared to him and offered him whatever favour he might desire.The salvation of souls was ever the burden of Francis’s prayers, and wishing moreover, to make his beloved Porziuncola a sanctuary where many might be saved, he begged a plenary Indulgence for all who, having confessed their sins, should visit the little chapel.
Our Lord acceded to this request on condition that the pope should ratify the Indulgence. Francis thereupon set out for Perugia, with Brother Masseo, to find Honorius III. The latter, notwithstanding some opposition from the Curia at such an unheard-of favor, granted the Indulgence, restricting it, however, to one day yearly. He subsequently fixed 2 August in perpetuity, as the day for gaining this Porziuncola Indulgence, commonly known in Italy as il perdono d’Assisi.
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Belloc argues… that the reason the Reformation happened when it did was simple greed
– the Catholic Church had accrued wealthy lands by this point, and the minor nobility wanted them. This was most prevalent in England, where a whole class of millionaires made by stealing monastic lands fueled Elizabeth’s rise to the throne and paved the way for Protestant England.
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continued…