Grace & Peace!
Just as an interesting counter and gloss to JillianRose’s post, there’s a recent study which suggests that while there are certainly “nonarbitrary” differences between the sexes (which are largely biologically determined), when it comes to an examination of psychology, the differences between the sexes are minimal if not insignificant. The study provides substantial evidence against the sort of (commonplace) thinking which sees male and female as absolute categories with absolutely distinct psychological profiles, attributes and aptitudes. This is the study:
Carothers, B. J., & Reis, H. T. (2012, October 22). Men and Women Are From Earth: Examining the Latent Structure of Gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0030437
It can be found in PDF form here:
psych.rochester.edu/people/reis_harry/assets/pdf/CarothersReis_2012.pdf
Here is the abstract:
Taxometric methods enable determination of whether the latent structure of a construct is dimensional or taxonic (nonarbitrary categories). Although sex as a biological category is taxonic, psychological gender differences have not been examined in this way. The taxometric methods of mean above minus below a cut, maximum eigenvalue, and latent mode were used to investigate whether gender is taxonic or dimensional. Behavioral measures of stereotyped hobbies and physiological characteristics (physical strength, anthropometric measurements) were examined for validation purposes, and were taxonic by sex. Psychological indicators included sexuality and mating (sexual attitudes and behaviors, mate selectivity, sociosexual orientation), interpersonal orientation (empathy, relational-interdependent self-construal), gender-related dispositions (masculinity, femininity, care orientation, unmitigated communion, fear of success, science inclination, Big Five personality), and intimacy (intimacy prototypes and stages, social provisions, intimacy with best friend). Constructs were with few exceptions dimensional, speaking to
Spence’s (1993) gender identity theory. Average differences between men and women are not under dispute, but the dimensionality of gender indicates that these differences are inappropriate for diagnosing gender-typical psychological variables on the basis of sex.
Here is the conclusion:
For some time, there has been a striking difference in the way that most scholars and the lay public conceptualize sex differences. Whereas most researchers, with a few noteworthy exceptions, have conceived of psychological sex differences as dimensional constructs, laypersons were more likely to view these differences as fundamentally taxonic. We conducted our analyses with the goal of making explicit the mathematical properties that follow from these distinctive positions and then testing their relevance for a diverse set of measures. In all instances the dimensional approach prevailed. At least with regard to the measures we examined, therefore, it can be concluded that they unambiguously represent exemplars of the same underlying attributes rather than qualitatively distinct categories of human characteristics.
The point, I suppose, is that there is no essential masculinity and no essential femininity. Views similar to Nicolosi’s which depend on the maintenance of an essential masculinity and femininity (and who develop therapies designed to recover these essentialist categories during the course of “reparation”) will more and more be found to be pseudo-scientific fraudsters at worst, superstitious witch doctors at best.
However, if masculinity and femininity are indeed dimensional and not taxonic as the paper suggests, that does seem to hint that sexual identity (much like the “self”
in toto), is a socially constructed thing that is informed by biology, culture, etc. To what degree that identity (or the self more broadly) is a stable reflection of an underlying personhood, whether or not that identity can be intentionally deconstructed and whether or not such a deconstruction represents a positive good are perhaps related but more difficult questions to unravel than the thread topic will allow…
and does not simply
Under the Mercy,
Mark
All is Grace and Mercy! Deo Gratias!