(
iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php). The United States also engaged in a series of naval battles with Iranian forces in
1987 and
1988. The cruiser
USS Vincennes shot down
Iran Air Flight 655 with the loss of all 290 passengers and crew on
July 3,
1988. The
American government said that the airliner had been mistaken for an Iranian
F-14 Tomcat which had been in the same general area as the civilian plane shortly beforehand. Perhaps the most important support for Iraq was allowing the neutral
oil tankers heading to Iraqi ports to fly the American flag, and thus be safe from Iranian attack, guaranteeing Iraq’s revenue stream for the duration of the war.
The American government had, at the same time, also been secretly selling weapons to Iran; first indirectly (possibly through Israel) and then directly (for details see the Iran-Contra Affair).
Iraq offered a cessation of hostilities in
1982, but Iran’s insistence from July 1982 onward to destroy the Iraqi government prolonged the conflict for another six years of static warfare. In the final years of the war, Iraq received more and more foreign aid and began to build a more modern, well-trained army, air force, and navy. In 1988 Iraq launched another offensive into Iranian territory and began serious air attacks on Iranian cities, such as
Tehran. Iran felt militarily isolated and, being threatened with war by the
US, offered to open peace negotiations. Iraq accepted, since the Iraqi economy and population had suffered from the war for 8 years, and they wanted to solidify their position.
The war was characterized by extreme brutality, including the use of chemical weapons, especially
tabun, by Iraq.
Very little pressure was brought upon Iraq by the world community to curb such attacks or to condemn its earlier initiation of hostilities. Iraq and the United States government alleged at some time that Iran was also using chemical weapons, but these allegations were never confirmed by independent sources. The
tactics used in the war resembled those of
World War I, with costly
human wave attacks commonly used by both sides, but by Iran in particular.
Blessings,
Shoshana
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