St. Paul taught that once you rebuke your brother several times, then you hand him over to the secular authorities - presumably because that brother has willfully chosen to no longer be part of the Church. Was the Church wrong in following St. Paul’s directive? Was St. Paul wrong? According to you, he was. I suppose you might argue, “Well turning them over to the State was a practical death sentence because the Church knew what the result would be. So the Church is just as culpable for turning the heretics over to the State as if they committed the murder as well.” OK, but you know what? You can bet that St. Paul knew that the State would treat these people (unrepentant Christians or Judaizers) harshly, possibly even execute them just for being Christians.
Mardukm,
At several points during this discussion, you and another poster have brought up a quotation where St. Paul supposedly said, “…and if he will not listen even to the Church, hand him over to the civil authorities.”
The actual quotation is from Matthew 18:17 – “If a man refuses to listen even to the Church, let him be to thee as the heathen or the tax collectors.”
I’m not aware of any place where St. Paul spoke of turning excommunicates over to civil authorities for prosecution. And I don’t think they approved of the ways the civil authority used the death penalty in those days. In the early Church, both before and after Christianity was made the State religion, there are often written records where Christian leaders pleaded with the civil authorities to use the death penalty more leniently and mercifully, and to allow freedom of religion. St. Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and St. Ambrose all come to mind in this regard, and their pleas inform the current doctrine of the Church concerning the death penalty.
In the medieval period you still find Church leaders calling upon the government not to use the death penalty against Jews and pagans, and general exhortations to avoid using the death penalty whenever possible, but you find an increasing number of authors arguing that coercion may be used in the case of heretics, and St. Thomas Aquinas even
seems to say that they may be put to death.
The reason I bring all this up is because I don’t think your argument, if I understand it, is sufficient; that is, if you are arguing that, because the State authorities were the ones executing the heretics, therefore the Church hierarchy was free from guilt in this matter, I think it is more complicated than that. The medieval Church had inherited a patristic tradition which, with only a few exceptions, called for nonviolence and freedom of religion for non-Catholics, and stood up to the State bravely to call attention to this teaching. I think the medieval Church leaders had a responsibility to do the same, and in most cases that I’ve reviewed, it appears that they did not, or did so in mixed ways – arguing that Jews and pagans should be tolerated, for example, but not heretics.
What I would want to point out is, first, they did not reverse the teaching of the early Fathers on this point, neither in Council nor in any papal document, but they certainly (in many cases) didn’t stand up as bravely to the sin of persecution, and in some cases they seem to have actively counseled it. This shows a deep misunderstanding of the truth on their part, which needs to be addressed in our apologetics. How could the leaders of the Church fail to do their duty? How could they, in fact, counsel the opposite of the early Church’s teaching on this point? (And did they? To what extent?) Does it mean the teaching was gone?
Those difficult questions are the ones I think we need to be addressing, and I think a good place to start is to review the medieval Church’s record on these points for an honest assessment of where they were at, and to identify what recourse the faithful had when evil actions were counseled, left unrebuked, or, if they ever were, even commanded. My contribution so far is in posts
55-56 and
89, so far, and I wonder if you could give me your thoughts on those posts in light of the points I’ve made here. God bless!