but the church courts didn’t use torture and they didn’t put people to death.
I agree that the purpose of Church involvement was to bring a more fair process and reduce torture and death, but Certainly the Papacy was fully supportive of secular rulers that were invested in eliminating heretics.
There were four major inquisitions. First there was the Medieval Inquisition (1184–1230s). Heretics might be imprisoned, but were rarely tortured or killed (except then the local rulers decided to help the church authorities.) the Spanish (1478–1834), Portugese (1536–1821) and the Roman Inquisition (1542 – c. 1860)
King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition in 1478. Rome was, of course, very supportive of this passionately Catholic royal couple, if less so about the methods used to preserve a Catholic kingdom.
When the Cathar heresy infested southern France ,
the Dominican order was charged with ferreting out heresy.. Despite the Dominican Charism for preaching, it became apparent that preaching and debating produced almost no converts from Catharism. (The first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, was also a Dominican). Their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. Unrepentant or obstinate heretics were excommunicated and given over to the secular authorities. There was no mystery about what would occur after this happened.
The power of kings rose dramatically in the late Middle Ages. Secular rulers strongly supported the Inquisition because they saw it as an efficient way to ensure the religious health of their kingdoms.
It is fair to say that using torture and death has never been part of the Church teaching, but to say that Catholics, including Bishops, Rulers, and Religious did not engage in or support these activities seems to be dodging the facts. This is precisely why inquisitorial tribunals answerable to Rome rather than local bishops were formed by the Church in the 13th century. Local Bishops were too intricately connected with local politics to be objective. If they stayed in step with the local rulers, they might lose their positions, lands, lifestyle and even their own lives.
The Spanish Inquisition didn’t have the faculties to put heretics to death.
On the contrary, the Spanish Inquisition was managed by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. They ignored requests by the Pope to desist with the barbaric and torturous tactics. Although things did improve when Church Tribunals entered the picture, they still turned over the recalcitrant for almost certain torture and death.