Traditionally, both Protestants and Catholics were at best dubious about each other’s salvation, though Catholics were if anything more emphatic about the damnation of Protestants than vice versa (you could afford to be–for Protestants to say that Catholics couldn’t be saved raised the difficult question: “what about medieval Christians?”). For most folks on both sides that has changed dramatically in the past couple centuries. Official Catholic teaching still requires you to put more qualifications around your belief in Protestants’ salvation than Protestants need to do on their side. Many Protestants think it’s quite simple–Catholics are just another variety of Christian. However, because Protestants do not have a unified hierarchy, there is huge diversity among Protestants on this as on many other issues. Catholics who want to say that all Protestants are going to hell have the Magisterium to reckon with. Protestants who say that Catholics are going to hell typically think many other Protestants aren’t “true Christians” either, so are not going to be interested in what moderate Protestants have to say.
Thus, it’s true that you can certainly find significant sectors of the Protestant population, particularly in the southern United States (and of course Northern Ireland and some similar Protestant bastions), who still believe that Catholics have abandoned the essentials of the Faith and cannot be saved as long as they believe all the teachings of the Catholic Church.
Since these folks are not only clustered in particular regions, but very noisy wherever they are found, it is easy for Catholics living within shouting distance of them to think that they are representative of Protestants as a whole.
A further wrinkle to consider: evangelical Protestants tend to think of salvation in very individualistic terms, and to define a “Christian” as someone who is truly “saved”–who has a living faith in Christ, which evangelicals tend to think of as a more or less permanent state (some believe in “eternal security” and some do not, but even those who do not tend to assume that you won’t bob in and out of a state of grace on a regular basis). Evangelical Protestants believe strongly that no set of doctrines and no institutional affiliation can save you, so the more conservative ones often express strong concerns about whether “nominal Christians” are “real Christians” or not. Quite naturally, evangelical Protestants generally disagree quite strongly with many Catholic teachings, especially with regard to salvation, and for both theological and sociological reasons (in other words, Catholicism casts a “wide net” and doesn’t practice church discipline very strictly by conservative Protestant standards) they conclude that there are many “nominal Christians” in the Catholic Church. It’s important to realize that they think there are such people in *every *church. It’s just that a “gathered church” of people who have all made an adult profession of faith and who hold one another accountable is naturally less likely to have people whose faith is nominal or lukewarm, and furthermore that, in the view of most evangelical Protestants, Catholic teaching about salvation tends to be fuzzy at best.
Hence, many evangelicals will say things like “Catholics can be Christians,” sometimes in a rather hesitant tone. It’s important to understand that by “Christians” they mean (in Catholic language) “in a state of grace.” There is nothing offensive to Catholics in the claim that many Catholics are not in a state of grace. Obviously Catholics will disagree with the idea that Catholic doctrine regarding salvation is at fault, but many Catholics are quick to agree that Catholic evangelization of the baptized is often at serious fault.
The problem is that when Protestants say “of course Catholics *can *be Christians” they may mean either
- Catholicism, like every other church, has people within it who are not in a state of grace–probably a higher percentage on the whole than a vibrant evangelical church will have; or
- Catholicism’s doctrines lead to damnation, but there might be people who manage to ignore or downplay the false teaching and who truly believe in Jesus even though they remain within the Catholic Church.
Furthermore, in a climate saturated by centuries of hostility between Catholics and Protestants, it’s easy for these two views to slide into each other. I think it would be hard to say which of these two things my family believed as I was growing up. We certainly tended to disagree with our fundamentalist friends when they made sweeping claims about Catholics not being Christians. But we did tend to assume that “true Christians” in the Catholic Church were likely to be rather unorthodox by Catholic standards. That being said, my family believed that institutional churches in general tended to take people away from Jesus, so we didn’t just single out Catholics in this regard
Edwin