Episcopal Diocese of NY says 'Episcopal church is NOT Protestant!'

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quote=stbruderklaus;4271880]

I will note, however, that Anglicans tend to have a peculiar view of Luther, and the Lutheran reforms, that is quite hostile… and often surprising to me.

Yes, I agree. I am not one of those Anglicans. I appreciate Lutheranism very much. I am concerned about people of all confessions (including Anglicans) telling the story of the Reformation so as to give their own confession (you generously include Anglicans, which I appreciate:)) a claim to historical continuity, in contrast with a caricature of “Protestantism” which is then ascribed to some other confession or confessions (usually the Reformed, though as you note many Anglicans do this to Lutheranism as well).
While most Lutherans I am aware of (including myself) would never dream of defending everything Luther did or wrote, I do think much of his work is quite defensible among the early Fathers… as Melancthon and Chemnitz demonstrated.
Melanchthon wrote to Brenz rebuking him for relying too heavily on Augustine in matters of soteriology. I translated this letter and you can find it here as part of an argument between myself and Dave Armstrong (though we weren’t differing too sharply, in the end). Chemnitz is a different story, I agree. I said in my previous post that I am not talking about Lutheranism as a broad confessional tradition, but specifically about Luther, particularly in the formative years of the 1520s. One of my sources for Luther’s harsh statements on the Fathers is Gerhard Ebeling’s Evangelische Evangelienauslegung, by the way. It’s long and dense, but if you read German you could dip into it sometime (I don’t have access to it right now and don’t have page numbers, I’m afraid).
I also think most Lutherans see in Anglo-Catholic theology a kindred spirit and tremendous agreement… and I struggle to understand the lack of reciprocity.
There are historical reasons for this. Anglo-Catholicism was shaped in part by a reaction to the growing influence of liberal Protestant theology in the Church of England. Most of the early Anglo-Catholics had a very limited understanding of continental Protestantism and caricatured it (somewhat as I suspect you of caricaturing the Reformed position). In his Idea of a University (written after he became Roman Catholic), Newman refers to “the Lutheran leaven,” by which he seems to mean primarily a subjectivist approach to the faith. He admits that the original Reformers didn’t teach this in the form that folks like Schleiermacher did, but he seems to see a logical progression from the Reformers to the Pietists to liberalism.

To my mind, one of the great tragedies of the Anglo-Catholic movement was that it tried to re-catholicize Anglicanism by claiming that Anglicanism had all along been something radically different from Protestantism as a whole. A more historically truthful and ecumenically fruitful approach would have been to say, “Yes, we all have been affected by the Reformation–let us–Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists, Methodists, anyone who is willing to sign on–consider how we can renew our respective traditions by holding them accountable to the historic faith of the Church.”
The Lutheran expression of the faith, however, is not Luther-centric… anymore than Anglican faith is Henry-centric.
I have to object to that comparison. Henry is not a major Anglican theologian, and at the very least Luther would have to be regarded as a major theologian in the Lutheran tradition, wouldn’t he? If you were to say that Lutheranism is no more centered on Luther than Anglicanism on Hooker, that would be more defensible, though I’d still have to question it. Anglicanism is theologically far more amorphous than Lutheranism, and Luther’s theology does have a pervasive influence that is unmatched by any single figure in Anglicanism, in my opinion. (Perhaps we could name Cranmer as the parallel, not so much for his theology per se but for his liturgical work, which of course has had an immense theological influence.) However, given the way in which Anglicans and many others mistakenly assume that Lutheranism is reducible to Luther, I understand and agree with your basic point. I was not in fact talking about Lutheranism as a confessional tradition but about Luther himself as a historical figure trying to reform the Church in the early sixteenth century. This is what you referred to in your earlier post (“Luther’s early reforms were quite mild,” etc.). I am quite aware that later confessional Lutheranism paid a lot of attention to the Fathers.
 
As for that radical soteriology, I find it interesting that world-wide Lutheranism found a point of concord with Rome in the JDDJ. Not sure how radical that really makes our understanding of Grace and Justification… or if, perhaps, the polemics of history obfuscated the catholicity of the Lutheran position.
Well, I would suggest that a lot of progress has been made on both sides in the last five centuries. It’s amazing how much common ground can be found when one tries. Again, I’m thinking of Luther himself rather than necessarily of confessional Lutheranism, particularly in its more “mainline” and ecumenical contemporary form. And I was speaking of Luther in comparison to Anabaptists (whose differences with Catholicism lie primarily in other directions) and the Reformed (who insert the doctrine of predestination into the center of their soteriology in problematic ways, but other than that have a soteriology that is arguably not irreconcilable with the more Augustinian wing of Catholicism). I would point out that Brother Roger of Taize is quoted as having said: “I have found my own identity as a Christian by reconciling within myself the faith of my origins with the mystery of the Catholic faith, without breaking fellowship with anyone,” and both the current Pope and his predecessor tacitly acknowledged the legitimacy of this claim by giving Brother Roger communion without demanding that he break his ties with the Reformed Church. I say this only to point out that the kind of ecumenical breakthrough represented by the JDDJ is possible with what you would consider more radical forms of Protestantism as well.
It’s also interesting that Benedict, in his previous function as Cardinal Ratzinger, suggested the fundamental catholicity of the CA, which has formed the basis of our ongoing ecumenical dialogue.
And that’s very encouraging. Let me underline again that I was not intending to attack Lutheranism, but only to question your sharp dividing line between “mild” reform (Lutheranism and Anglicanism) and more radical movements such as the Reformed and Anabaptist movements. My point was that on the specific issue of justification, Lutheranism is arguably the most radical of all. That does not deny the validity of ecumenical agreements such as the JDDJ. Quite the contrary–I would argue that since Protestants as a whole often see justification as the primary dividing line, and since the Lutherans (of all people) have reached some degree of agreement on this, other Protestants should stop using justification as a justification:p for continued division.

Edwin
 
Edwin,

It appears quite apparent that you are my academic superior. Thank you for your careful and thoughtful responses-- I will do some cross checking of your references, and my own as well.

I am sure that I carry the flavor of the soup I’ve been stewed in, and I’ve been trying for the last 10 years or so to better understand other traditions on/in their own terms. While I try to remove my Lutheran glasses from time to time, I realize that I am incapable of gouging out my Lutheran eyes… and there are certainly blind spots there. For one, with many of my Lutheran collegues, I tend to appreciate Luther’s eccentricities within the context of confessional Lutheranism, rather than defining Lutheranism by him. I do think he represented a theological position that was more sacramental, liturgical, and catholic than what I have encountered in the writings of Calvin, Zwingli, and the Anabaptist folks… which I do think helped set trajectory for their eventual expressions as they crystalized. I don’t think Luther’s positions (though I wouldn’t hope to try to defend or even claim to have read them all…) at least as they were eventually captured in the BOC lead inexorably to pietism nor liberalism, but one cannot deny that these movements certainly errupted from Lutheran roots. Lutheran thought gave rise to various expressions in Germany and Scandinavia… and if I recall, several of the Scandinavian national Churches formed a communion relationship with the Anglican Church through the Porvoo Communion. Perhaps we Lutherans are more prepared to accept in stride that we have cooky theologians (including Luther himself) that spring up in our history, as we continue to identify ourselves with Lutheran Christianity via our confessions, the creeds, and the Holy Scriptures.

Would I be correct in distilling from your previous arguments, that while Luther would not be welcome as an Anglican, some expressions of confessional Lutheranism do comport with Anglicanism?

My thanks again for your reflections. I count myself fortunate to have encountered you.

Regards-- Brad.
 
Yes. They ARE Protestant but they DO believe that their Apostolic Succession is valid. That is the critical point with them. They believe their Bishops are “real.” And they can argue their case quite well.

Rather than cavilling, we would do much better to emulate those Episcopalians who truly live “more” Catholic lives, in both form and substance, than many of our own people do.

When we are authorized to serve on ecumenical dialogue teams with Episcopalians, we can then enjoy wielding our indignation over their claims of Catholic prerogatives.
This is an appropriate thing for a RC to say, and I appreciate the manner in which you say it.

GKC

Anglicanus Catholicus
 
GKC,

I recall reading in previous posts your explanation of the state of Apostolic Succession within the Anglican Communion. I believe you claim that Apostolic Succession remains in the Anglican Communion due to consecrations made by an Old Catholic Bishop. Is this correct? Would you mind briefly explaining the modern situation again for the benefit of this thread?

I believe in the proclamations of Apostolicae Curae but I am also aware that a lot has changed since 1896, and that the Anglican Communion may have received Apostolic Succession from other sources such as the Old Catholics as previously mentioned. However, any Apostolic Succession within the Anglican Communion is severely fractured, as I am sure you would also agree.
 
This is an appropriate thing for a RC to say, and I appreciate the manner in which you say it.

GKC

Anglicanus Catholicus
Thank you.

As you know, I was an Episcopalian for many years. I learned the catholic faith as an Episcopalian. I will never demean the tradition that brought me to Christ and taught me to love Him, to love my faith, and to love the Church. The Episcopal Church served me as a “safe house” that guided me by micrometers from rabid anti-Catholicism in a born-again tradition to full appreciation and understanding of the Catholic Church.
 
GKC,

I recall reading in previous posts your explanation of the state of Apostolic Succession within the Anglican Communion. I believe you claim that Apostolic Succession remains in the Anglican Communion due to consecrations made by an Old Catholic Bishop. Is this correct? Would you mind briefly explaining the modern situation again for the benefit of this thread?

I believe in the proclamations of Apostolicae Curae but I am also aware that a lot has changed since 1896, and that the Anglican Communion may have received Apostolic Succession from other sources such as the Old Catholics as previously mentioned. However, any Apostolic Succession within the Anglican Communion is severely fractured, as I am sure you would also agree.
I might be able to rehearse this, but it will be in a while. I’m wrapped up in a number of projects. But I will say a few brief things.

I think the issue of the Dutch Touch is on of two points pertienet to* Apostolicae Curae*, though the only one that might make a difference, as of now. (Note I said “might”). The other issue derives from my knowledge of the personal, political and historical issues and events leading to, initiating, and shaping the things said in AC. These are of little interest to RCs, given the degeree of certainty with which AC must be affirmed, history not withstanding. A friend of mine, a RC, is the most knowledgeable person I know on the subject matter. We agree, roughly, on the theoretical issue of the Dutch Touch.

Little time for more now. But, as I always say, remember that a faithful RC should fully affirm the teachings of the RCC in AC.

And yes, the current Anglican world is a dog’s breakfast.

If there are any other specfic questions, I might be able to get to them, first.

GKC
 
I might be able to rehearse this, but it will be in a while. I’m wrapped up in a number of projects. But I will say a few brief things.

I think the issue of the Dutch Touch is on of two points pertienet to* Apostolicae Curae*, though the only one that might make a difference, as of now. (Note I said “might”). The other issue derives from my knowledge of the personal, political and historical issues and events leading to, initiating, and shaping the things said in AC. These are of little interest to RCs, given the degeree of certainty with which AC must be affirmed, history not withstanding. A friend of mine, a RC, is the most knowledgeable person I know on the subject matter. We agree, roughly, on the theoretical issue of the Dutch Touch.

Little time for more now. But, as I always say, remember that a faithful RC should fully affirm the teachings of the RCC in AC.

And yes, the current Anglican world is a dog’s breakfast.

If there are any other specfic questions, I might be able to get to them, first.

GKC
An Episcopal friend of mine, who, in his official capacity, did a daily blog from Lambeth, claims that the one book that must be read if one wished to understand the workings of Anglican Order is Alice in Wonderland.
 
Perhaps a mention could also be made about the significance (or lack there-of) of the Order of Corporate Reunion and the Oxford Movement in ostensibly legitimizing Anglican orders for Roman consumption… or is that the “Dutch Touch” previously mentioned?

These have begun having an influence in Evangelical Catholic Lutheran circles over the last 20 years or so, as more Lutherans seek to regain Apostolic Succession for their Orders and recognition among Romans, Orthodox, and Anglicans.

Cheers.
 
From the official website of Episcopal Diocese New york!!!:cool: :confused:

can see the link:

dioceseny.org/index.cfm?Action=Knowledgebase.ViewQuestionDetails&QuestionID=0001CBECE2DD1E78B061C9C10A01106C&CategoryID=DFF31868D1FE45B8BE39A76611FA91CE&ReturnURL=index.cfm%3FAction%3DKnowledgebase.ViewQuestions%26SearchCriteria%3Dprotestant%26x%3D14%26y%3D9

‘‘We are not Protestant because of several elements in our polity, spirituality and theology which are fundamental to our common life. These include the three-fold ministry of Holy Orders, the retention of a sacramental life that emphasizes Holy Baptism and the Holy Eucharist, the focus on the life of sanctification, the embrace of the Religious Life, the centrality of the historic episcopate, and several other distinguishing aspects of Catholicity. It would be incorrect to say that we are not Catholic because we are not Roman Catholic. And it would be incorrect to say that we are Protestant.’’
How many books are in their bible? (66) They are protestant if they use a protestant bible.

Peace,
-Robert
 
I have all the books of the Apocrypha in my copy of the Septuagint… as I would guess any good Anglican does.😉 And I treat them the way St. Jerome did.

I would guess that the contents of my book bag are not quite the measure of catholicity you intended?
 
An Episcopal friend of mine, who, in his official capacity, did a daily blog from Lambeth, claims that the one book that must be read if one wished to understand the workings of Anglican Order is Alice in Wonderland.
Written, of course, by a CoE deacon.

GKC
 
I tend to appreciate Luther’s eccentricities within the context of confessional Lutheranism, rather than defining Lutheranism by him.
And yet again, that is not what I am doing. You are the one who invoked Luther’s name, comparing him to other reformers in the early sixteenth century. You made a historical statement about what happened in the initial years of the Reformation. Please understand that I am not passing judgment on the Lutheran tradition as a whole. For that matter, I’m not passing judgment on Luther (not in this thread–I do disagree with him on a number of points), just addressing your comparison of him with other versions of reform.
I do think he represented a theological position that was more sacramental, liturgical, and catholic than what I have encountered in the writings of Calvin, Zwingli, and the Anabaptist folks… which I do think helped set trajectory for their eventual expressions as they crystalized.
Yes, although I think it’s fair to say that Luther had the most dominant influence on the tradition associated with him of any of the early Reformers. So everything you have said about Lutheranism not being defined by Luther applies even more to other traditions–particularly the Reformed tradition, which from the beginning distinguished itself from Lutheranism largely by its refusal to follow any one figure. (Again, I’m not claiming this was a fair appraisal of Lutheranism. But from the perspective of the early Reformed, what was wrong with the northern German evangelicals was primarily that they followed Luther–whom the Reformed generally recognized as by far the most important figure for them as well–too slavishly.)

I am not of course challenging the fact that on a number of points Luther was far more “conservative” than the Reformed, particularly on sacramental and liturgical issues. But I think the best way to characterize the difference is that Luther took over the late medieval heritage and questioned it radically on a narrow range of issues, generally accepting the status quo where doing so was compatible with his soteriology. The Reformed–who were (at least at first) a very broad coalition of diverse figures–were interested in a much more wide-ranging attempt to reform the Church on the basis of Scripture and early Christianity. Eventually Luther’s soteriology was absorbed into this Reformed synthesis, but it was just one part. There are at least two ways in which the Reformed were less radical than Luther:
  1. Their soteriology included an Augustinian doctrine of sanctification through the Holy Spirit working in the heart to produce good works, which was part of the overall process of salvation in a way that I don’t see in Luther, even though (particularly with Calvin) they took over Luther’s sharp insistence that *justification *could not depend in any way on the process of sanctification.
  2. They were generally more interested in patristic justification for their positions. Arguably this was mostly an ex post facto search for sources that supported what they already believed, but they did take this search very seriously, and in at least some cases (I would argue in Bucer’s case) it was more than that. Luther, in contrast (again, I’m not speaking of other Lutheran theologians), doesn’t really seem to have cared, because he was so sure that what he preached was the Gospel no matter who agreed with him.
I don’t think Luther’s positions (though I wouldn’t hope to try to defend or even claim to have read them all…) at least as they were eventually captured in the BOC lead inexorably to pietism nor liberalism
I don’t either. In fact, one of my problems with Newman is his tendency to see ideas developing in an “inexorable” way, rather than according to the free will of human beings, who can do all sorts of wildly different things with the same root set of ideas. I was just trying to explain one reason why many Anglicans are hostile to Continental Protestantism, including Lutheranism.
 
Perhaps we Lutherans are more prepared to accept in stride that we have cooky theologians (including Luther himself) that spring up in our history
I have no problem with this fact myself. We have plenty of kooky theologians, although probably none as brilliant as Luther. I think Hooker is saner and somewhat more orthodox than Luther, but he’s much less exciting!
Would I be correct in distilling from your previous arguments, that while Luther would not be welcome as an Anglican
As far as I’m concerned Luther would be more than welcome as an Anglican. I’m not sure he would be *comfortable *as an Anglican. But that would of course be his decision. I’m sure he’d spend much of his time swearing at us and telling us that we were perverting the Gospel. But we’ve been doing that to each other (well, usually without the swearing) for 500 years!
some expressions of confessional Lutheranism do comport with Anglicanism?
No doubt about that. I welcomed the ECUSA/ELCA agreement and spent a lot of time arguing with folks on both sides who were suspicious of it. (Admittedly I haven’t seen a lot of positive results from it, but I didn’t expect anything dramatic–it was a good thing in itself whatever the results.) And I have a deep gratitude to the “Bruderkirche” in Braunschweig, a very conservative and high-church Lutheran parish that I attended while doing dissertation research in Germany. It was a spiritual home for me at a time when I would otherwise have felt lonely and starved in terms of church fellowship.

I have nothing against Lutheranism. But I’m a student of early Reformed theology (particularly Martin Bucer, who tried very hard to bring Lutherans and Reformed together), and I’m often struck by how much Lutherans invest in digging a deep chasm between themselves and the Reformed, often ignoring the genuinely Catholic elements in the Reformed tradition (just as Anglicans do to Continental Protestants in general). My intention in this thread was initially to defend Protestants against unfair remarks by Episcopalians, and my intention in my discussion with you is to defend the Reformed rather than to attack Lutheranism. Or rather, to defend a more nuanced vision of the early Reformation rather than one that draws a sharp distinction between good/moderate reformers who didn’t want to split with previous tradition and those folks over there who really do fit the stereotype. Maybe we should question *all *stereotypes?

Edwin
 
Edwin,

Thanks for your analysis.

As for a chasm between Calvinism and Lutheranism, my perspectives were formed by the Lutheran theologians I’ve been more aquainted with, and perhaps histories of the Reformation era that portrayed Calvin’s Reformation as largely non-sacramental, iconoclastic, rooted primarily in the sovereignty of God as the starting place of theology, exceptionally focussed on the application of law in the Christian life, a distancing from the Two Kingdoms theory of Augustine, and a heavy emphasis on double predestination. These are points that would create a significant theological chasm between Reformed and Lutheran Christians, and in the reading I have been able to pursue, between Luther and Calvin themselves.

I have to admit, your sense of a distinction in soteriology between Luther and Calvin surprises me… I thought this was a point they were fairly close on. I would agree that neither presented a system where sanctification as the practice of holiness (name removed by moderator)inged on imputed grace/righteousness in Justification… but Luther spent quite a bit of ink writing about the role of good works for the Christian (his catechisms as good examples.) Melancthon, who put much of Luther’s thought into confessional form, writes even about the concept of mortal sin in the Apology. Also, having done some comparative study of Luther and the Confessions with St. Augustine, I don’t see how you derive a difference between their respective approaches to salvation… perhaps you could ellucidate. Augustine also speaks at length about frequent recourse to the Sacraments (including Confession/Absolution, which Luther and his contemporaries often spoke of as a Sacrament) in sustaining a living, saving faith… which seems to comport more with Luther’s intentions than Calvin’s.

I will have to do a lot of pondering to understand Calvin and the Reformed movement as particularly catholic… especially with the low view of the Eucharist and Baptism I understand them to maintain. Would you recommend a source for exploring the catholicity of Calvin and the Reformed tradition?

– Brad
 
Edwin,

Thanks for your analysis.

As for a chasm between Calvinism and Lutheranism, my perspectives were formed by the Lutheran theologians I’ve been more aquainted with, and perhaps histories of the Reformation era that portrayed Calvin’s Reformation
Well, of course it wasn’t “Calvin’s” Reformation. Calvin was one important figure whose name got stuck on to the movement eventually. Calvin was actually closer to Lutheranism, both in his soteriology and (though of course to a much lesser extent) in his sacramental theology, than some other figures (most obviously Zwingli).
as largely non-sacramental,
I certainly understand why Lutherans or Catholics would see it that way. And unfortunately, many later Calvinists did interpret their own tradition this way (Charles Hodge, for instance), so they are at least as much to blame as anyone else. But I think this is an unfair characterization. Sticking to Calvin, since he is the most famous systematic theologian of the tradition–he definitely saw the sacraments as means of grace (though only in the sense that they “set forth Christ”), and he advocated that Christians should celebrate the Eucharist every time they gather as a Church.
iconoclastic
I think that’s a fair characterization–most of the Reformed didn’t favor unruly destruction of images, but they also didn’t think that they were indifferent matters.
rooted primarily in the sovereignty of God as the starting place of theology
I think this is questionable. Certainly the sovereignty of God is very important for the Reformed, but I wouldn’t say it’s the starting place. I’m not sure there is one starting place. I don’t think any doctrine has the kind of central place in Reformed theology that justification by faith alone has in Lutheran theology–although at least since Calvin the Reformed have generally agreed with Luther that justification is the doctrine on which the Church stands or falls. The difference is that the Reformed have given predestination a much more central place in soteriology than even Luther did (much less the later Lutheran tradition, which appears to have backed away from Luther a bit on this one), and given the emphasis on soteriology that they share with Lutherans, this means that it does indeed have a very important role in their theology.
exceptionally focussed on the application of law in the Christian life,
Perhaps it’s exceptional. Certainly they are more focused on this than Lutherans. But one could argue that Lutherans are exceptionally nervous about the concept of law in the Christian life. By and large, I’d say that this is one of the issues where the Reformed are closer to the Christian mainstream than Lutherans, though their doctrine of sola scriptura combined with their emphasis on OT-NT continuity does give Law in the sense of Torah an unusual importance for them, in contrast to (for instance) the Roman Catholic integration of natural, biblical, and ecclesiastical law.
a distancing from the Two Kingdoms theory of Augustine,
Augustine speaks rather of “two cities.” This is arguably semantics, but what he means by “two cities” is quite different from what Luther means by “two kingdoms.” Luther’s “two kingdoms” are two different ways in which God exercises sovereignty. Augustine’s “two cities” are two different kinds of human community, one of them ordered by the love of God and one of them decidedly not. Of course there are points of continuity, and as always I am not going to argue with you if you say that confessional Lutheranism is different from Luther on this score.
and a heavy emphasis on double predestination
Certainly predestination has a much more prominent role in Reformed than in Lutheran Christianity.
 
I have to admit, your sense of a distinction in soteriology between Luther and Calvin surprises me… I thought this was a point they were fairly close on.
First of all, Calvin is in my opinion much closer to the Lutherans than many of the earlier Reformed were (Zwingli for instance, or even Bucer, especially in his earlier years when he was closer to Zwingli). Zwingli argued (according to W. P. Stephens, but I have checked some of the references and they seem to check out) that in some cases people could be saved directly by predestination without having faith–infants would be one example, and those who had not heard the Gospel would be another. Both groups did not have an opportunity to have faith, but would have had faith if they had had the chance. This is quite a different soteriology from Luther’s. I tend to believe Zwingli’s claim that his doctrine of justification by faith developed independently from Luther’s, but I think that he latched onto Luther to present a common front, when their views were very different. Bucer is closer to the Lutherans, and became closer throughout his life, and Calvin is in my opinion basically a mixture of Bucer and Melanchthon.

With that caveat, the soteriological differences primarily have to do with the two issues you yourself mentioned–law and predestination. Also, the early Bucer at least does not talk about the positive imputation of Christ’s righteousness. He does use this language to some extent in the Romans commentary of 1536, but he doesn’t put too much weight on it. He speaks of the degree of faith that we have producing corresponding degrees of obedience to God, and he seems to see this progressive obedience to God as what makes us righteous. Justification for him (as in many ways for John Wesley two centuries later), seems to concern primarily the forgiveness of sins. In other words, it’s not that God looks at us and sees Christ’s righteousness, but that God looks at us and sees sinful people trusting in Christ and progressing toward sanctification, and thus forgives the sins that we continue to commit through weakness (Bucer does not think that a regenerate person will sin other than through weakness). This is based primarily on the Gospel commentary, which was the focus of my dissertation. The Romans commentary, which I wrote an essay on more recently, moves closer to Lutheranism without renouncing his earlier position.

This is why predestination is so important for Bucer. He sees faith as the confidence that God is gracious toward us, which implies that we know God has chosen us (which as I understand things it does not imply for Luther). Only when we know that our final salvation is assured can we truly love and obey God. So in Bucer’s understanding, justification by faith alone is based on predestination and perseverance rather than, as for Luther and Melanchthon, on imputation. (Or are you going to start quoting Finns at me:p)

In my dissertation (completed three years ago) I argued that the differences between Bucer and Luther were primarily differences of nuance. I’m not so sure now. At the time I was responding to Lutheran scholarship (of a school that appears to be different from the scholarship you’ve read–are your authorities more toward the “evangelical catholic” side?) that tried to draw a sharp division between Luther and the Reformed (and even other Lutherans, particularly Melanchthon), who were allegedly more moralistic and humanist and didn’t quite get it. I wanted to emphasize the continuities linking all the Reformers–that they saw themselves as sharing a common soteriology on the essentials, though with quite different ways of articulating it. And I still think that’s true. But I now wonder if I understated the differences, particularly now that I’ve paid more attention to Zwingli.
I would agree that neither presented a system where sanctification as the practice of holiness (name removed by moderator)inged on imputed grace/righteousness in Justification.
Yes, Calvin is far more careful about that than Bucer. Which is probably why Bucer could recognize the reformist Catholic Jacopo Sadoleto as teaching basically the right things about justification, while Calvin said that justification was the major issue dividing himself from Sadoleto. Or it may be just that Bucer was a more generous person. . . .
… but Luther spent quite a bit of ink writing about the role of good works for the Christian (his catechisms as good examples.)
Definitely. But Luther doesn’t seem very interested in language of progressive sanctification. He sees good works as the fruit of faith, an expression of love for the neighbor, and as a way of combating the desires of the flesh. And he thinks they are very important in all of these roles. But he doesn’t seem to think of this as being in any way part of what salvation means. Our salvation and our relationship with God rests solely on justification by faith. Whereas it seems to me that for the Reformed, sanctification is an intrinsic part of the picture–as we become holier we progress toward final salvation and union with God. It’s a subtle difference, more obvious if you read the earlier Reformed folks like Zwingli and early Bucer, who were less Lutheran than Calvin on this one.
 
Melancthon, who put much of Luther’s thought into confessional form, writes even about the concept of mortal sin in the Apology.
I’d like to see the context of this. I know that Luther uses the term in his sermons on the Sermon on the Mount, although in a rather tentative and pastoral way (he approves the traditional view that if you don’t dwell on lustful thoughts they are not “mortal sin”). As I understand Lutheran theology, all sins are mortal in and of themselves, but since a person who believes in Christ does not want to commit sin, there are certain actions that for pastoral purposes can be treated much as Catholic theology treats mortal sin–i.e., if you commit them you need to repent and deal with them as part of your continuing walk of faith–whereas other sins are the sorts of things that you can’t possibly expect to be free from, so you confess your sins in general, receive the Sacraments, and don’t worry too much. Luther says in the Galatians commentary that if you don’t struggle against the works of the flesh you will eventually cease to believe and thus lose your saving relationship with Christ, and while the Formula of Concord dances around desperately in an attempt to avoid the dread word “necessary,” it seems to say much the same thing (i.e., a believer is always going to commit good works and struggle against sin, and so if someone isn’t doing those things they either are not a believer or will soon cease to be one).
Also, having done some comparative study of Luther and the Confessions with St. Augustine, I don’t see how you derive a difference between their respective approaches to salvation… perhaps you could ellucidate.
I see no trace of the doctrine of positive imputation of Christ’s righteousness in Augustine. Luther said that Augustine was unclear on it, which is putting it mildly. Melanchthon (with a postscript by Luther) put it more clearly in the letter to which I gave you a link above. I’d go further–Augustine does not seem to me (in his later, anti-Pelagian period at least) to worry about faith vs. works at all. His concern is with grace vs. works, which is a very different issue. The legacy of the Reformation is that Lutherans and Reformed think of these two dichotomies as synonymous, although the Lutherans more clearly emphasize the first. It is Augustine who uttered that basic maxim of medieval theology: “when God rewards our merits, he crowns his own gifts.” It seems to me that the great importance of Luther’s doctrine of justification is that he rejected (incorrectly, in my opinion) this formula, arguing instead that any talk of our works being meritorious was an affront to God no matter how loudly we insisted that our merits were only God’s gifts.
Augustine also speaks at length about frequent recourse to the Sacraments (including Confession/Absolution, which Luther and his contemporaries often spoke of as a Sacrament) in sustaining a living, saving faith… which seems to comport more with Luther’s intentions than Calvin’s.
Calvin argued that the early Church, including Augustine, saw penance as a form of communal discipline, and certainly I’m unaware of evidence for private confession in Augustine, though I could be wrong (an RC friend of mine claims that there is such evidence in Chrysostom). And as I said above, Calvin certainly thought that the Eucharist is important in sustaining a living, saving faith. He did think that one could have such a faith without the sacraments, but he didn’t think this was a normal situation by any means.
I will have to do a lot of pondering to understand Calvin and the Reformed movement as particularly catholic… especially with the low view of the Eucharist and Baptism I understand them to maintain. Would you recommend a source for exploring the catholicity of Calvin and the Reformed tradition?
First of all, I’d recommend Kilian McDonnell, *John Calvin, the Church, and the Eucharist, *which finds points of contact between Calvin’s sacramental theology and that of Catholicism (though he also points out differences, of course). Ironically, one of the books that confirmed my sense of the continuities between Reformed and Augustinian sacramental teaching especially was by a confessional Lutheran–Hermann Sasse’s *This is My Body. *Sasse argues that Augustine (and Catholic theology generally) and the Reformed share a sacramental theology based on the relationship between signs and the thing signified. Luther, in contrast, he argues, rejects this un-Biblical concept altogether. This is a radical position, but it did make me more sensitive to the ways in which Catholics and Reformed are often approaching the issues in similar ways, even while coming to different conclusions, as Luther charges off to the beat of his own wacky drummer. Another book I’d recommend, though my wife is more familiar with it than I am, is John Williamson Nevin’s *The Mystical Presence. *Nevin was a 19th-century Reformed theologian who argued that Calvin had a much stronger doctrine of the Real Presence than most Reformed folks had come to believe, and by and large modern scholarship supports Nevin (if not in all the details). He forced Charles Hodge to the conclusion that Calvin was not, on this issue, a “real Calvinist”! Of course, what Hodge did not consider was the fact that it was his more rationalistic approach that was at odds not only with the mainstream of Christian tradition but in many ways with much of his own Reformed tradition.

Edwin
 
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