Prior to the discover of the atom…
First of all, the idea of atoms is not a new idea. In fact they were believed in prior to Socrates by the Greek philosopher Leucippus, and then Democritus, and then the Epicurean philosophers. In fact, Aristotle (and Plato, I believe) never objected the idea of atoms, and in fact it doesn’t contradict either of the philosophies regarding essence. However, believing in atoms to the point of rejecting the idea of essence (which is what Leucippus and Democritus pretty much did) is called Atomism. But not all atom-believing philosophies are atomist philosophies.
So, expand that to christianity and it’s rituals and You took the escense of the cracker(which was christ) into your body, but you ate it’s physical presence. The essence changed to christ(very important) and became the physical.
This only worked pre-atom. Becuase we now know, there is no essence. There are particles reacting to each other, in a very uniform way. There is a reason religious leaders tried to deny the truth of the atom and fought against it and what it would mean to people’s faith. They actually believed the 'cracker" became the flesh of christ. it cannot. It’s not physically possible and it has been shown through studies, that the cracker remains a cracker in the stomach.
Actually, if you’re right that things don’t have essences, then, besides the “cracker” not being the flesh of Christ, I would not even say the “cracker” is even a “cracker” because in order for something to be what it is, it needs to have an essence. You can’t say anything is anything. It’s not even in the stomach, because for a stomach to be a stomach it has to have the essence of a stomach. The metaphysical devastation caused by the denial of essence proceeds beyond transubstantiation but into EVERYTHING. No thing is a thing anymore.
There is no such thing as essence or existance.
No such thing as existence either, eh? That’s pretty intense.
[Darwin] wrote about the process of speciation or diversification rather than about species as unchanging eternal categories with permanent natures.
“Speciation” (according to my dictionary) is the “formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.” My point is that Darwin believed in the idea of species, and because he talked about speciation is a proof that he believed in species. You can’t have speciation without species.
Now, it is true, of course, that species can die out. But, at least depending on what you mean, species don’t change. For example, a deer can’t change into something else that isn’t a deer and still remain a deer. If a fish becomes a reptile, it’s no longer a fish, but a reptile. That doesn’t mean the essence of fish has changed, but merely that some biological matter has dropped the essence of fish and picked up the essence of reptile. The essences considered in themselves do not change, however.
I could go into this more, but I’ll just say that for now to see what you say first.
We make such generalizations as a matter of convenience, but the boundaries are always funny.
What do you mean by convenience? Convenience is obviously not an end in itself. So why does talking about species give us convenience? What is the goal that is more easily attained when employing the concept of species?
For example, when does your cigar become a cigarillo or a cigarette?
“Cigar”, “cigarillo”, and “cigarette” like all words are symbols. Symbols are human inventions that are nonetheless employed to refer to objective concepts (to refer to essences, in fact). Symbols can have their meanings changed, that is, they do not always have to point to the same concept or essence. So, depending on what definitions “cigars”, “cigarillo”, or “cigarette” has (and that may differ from person to person), different kinds of smoked tobacco products can be predicated of them. But whatever concept a symbol happens to point to at the time, the concepts themselves remain eternal and unchanging, though the symbol that has been imposed on it may change.
Also, physical things themselves, though they may be constantly changing on an atomic level (and whatnot), if they retain a form that corresponds to a concept you have … then that concept and that physical thing can be associated together. For example, even if a television is constantly changing with its moving parts, as long as it conforms to your concept of a television, then you can call it a television. Your concept of a television does not include every single detail a television could possibly have, but just what is
essential to it. If one denies that this is possible, you can never call anything a television, or anything anything. Everything is meaningless. You can’t even becomes anything, because that would imply that you gain an essence … but if essences don’t exist, then you can’t become anything. And that would be a big problem for existentialism. You see what I’m saying?