Follow up on SS

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Interestingly, the writer prefaces his remarks by reviewing the advances in western Christendom regarding Papal primacy among, particularly, Lutheran, andglican, and Reformed communions:
It has become increasingly apparent in ecumenical circles that many non‑Roman theologians and churches are actually coming to regard some exercising of primacy by the Roman see as “normal”, “desirable”, …useful", or (to some degree) “required”. There is, however, a considerable difference between the official Roman Catholic view of primacy and the type of primacy that non‑Roman theologians, churches and communions would be ready to accept for the well‑being of the Church![5]
In the bilateral dialogues of Roman Catholics with Anglicans, Lutherans and Reformed, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is discussed in the context of communion ecclesiology. The eucharist is seen as the effectual sign of koinonia, episkope as serving the koinonia, and primacy properly understood and exercised as a visible and possibly necessary link between all those exercising episkope within the koinonia. The local church (a diocese) manifests the fullness of the Church. The communion of faith, love and order of all local churches reveals the unity of God’s Church that subsists in fullness in each local church.[6] The communion of the local churches, attributed to bishops of prominent sees, views the function of overseer of their regions as one of the ways of maintaining the faithfulness and the unity of the local churches to Christ’s gospel
And this is from 1987!!

goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523

His peace,
Jon
 
Hi Nicea,
I certainly think its more than simply admiration. Reading recently from an Orthodox POV, this excerpt:

Now, I don’t know if this, exactly, rejects your well placed quotes and your insightful thoughts on them. What it does do, however, is shine a perspective, outside the western Church and our built-in debate on this issue.

continued
Indeed…I fully understand where our separated brethen the Orthodox stand with the on-going debate of primacy. Not to be rude or offensive,but to this day, I truly do not understand why such cases or ECF writings position/view on the Bishop of Rome are understood in a totally different light? I just do not get it? My years of studying the ECF and their own words on the Primacy of Rome do not seem to express what Orthodox express. I just cannot wrap it around my mind where the writings of the ECF express the same sentiments as Orthodoxs,Anglicans,Lutherans etc?

Did the term of primacy change after the split? I do not view the eastern ECF position of the Primacy of Rome in lieu with Post-Constantinople.
 
I am sorry my good friend,but it does imply universal jurisdiction and not mere universal admiration. If it is solely admiration, I find it rather odd Rome had so much luck receiving case after case the first 450 years based on pure admiration. Why couldn’t the other Sees receive such honors too? They too were ancient Sees. Pure luck or pure admiration? Here are a few cases.

Case 1: The famous letter from Clement to the Corinthians (circa 96 AD)
Code:
          Comment: Why is a distant See (diocese) correcting another church in Greece? Did Clement advise them or was it more of a command? Where are the slighest signs of objection to this jurisdiction? Jurisdiction,not admiration. Were his legates rejected,denied or rebuked?
Case 2:Victor I (189-199). Issue at hand? The Quartodecimans who Victor wants to excommunicate.

Comment: Where are the complaints Victor cannot do such a thing nor has the power to do it?

Case 3: Cyprian is dealing with Basilides and Marcial, he begs Pope Cornelius (251-253) not to accept their appeal. St.Cyprian asks Pope Stephen I (254-257) to intervene in the affair of Marcian, bishop of Arles, who was a Novatian; he urges the Pope to excommunicate this heretic and replace him with a Catholic bishop.

Comment: Where did Cyprian get the idea the Bishop of Rome has such a power or duty?

Case 4: When Denis of Alexandria was suspect of false doctrine,some members of his diocese went to Rome and denounced him to Denis of Rome (259-269). The pope wrote to his namesake to hear his side of the case; Denis of Alexandria cleared his name and matter resolved.

Comment: The second patriarch in Christedom, suspect and accused. Where was he accused? At Rome; he defends himself to the one bishop who was supposedly his own equal? Why Rome and not another See?

Case 5: For over 40 years the name of Anthanasius was the rallying point against Arianism. Anthanasius also submitted to papal jurisdiction. He was denounced to Pope Julius I (337-352). Socrates exclaimed:

*When they (Anthanasius and four other bishops accused with him) had explained their cause to Julius, Bishop of the city of Rome, he sent them back to the East strenghthened by free letters, restored to each his See, as is the right of the Roman Church.
*

And the voice of Sozomenus:

Since the care of all was his affair, because of the rank of his See, he gave back to each his own church.

Pope Julius I wrote to an Eastern bishop:

Do you not know that this the custom,that first you must write to us (See of Rome), and that here what is just shall be decreed…

Again:

It is not right to make laws for the Churches apart from the knowledge of the Bishop of Rome.

Comment:

Does one really read and study such historical cases and truly consider it as pure universal admiration?
Hi Nicea325: I agree with you but would like to add that if there were no universal jurisdiction then one Bishop could do as they wanted and also take their case to any other Bishop since Bishops are the successors to the Apostles, be they Patriarchs or Metropolatians etc. It seems to me to be clear that Matthew had a reason as to why he included the passage16 in his Gospel if he was not implying Peter was to be the head of the Church Jesus was going to build on the Rock of Peter.
 
Hi Nicea325: I agree with you but would like to add that if there were no universal jurisdiction then one Bishop could do as they wanted and also take their case to any other Bishop since Bishops are the successors to the Apostles, be they Patriarchs or Metropolatians etc. It seems to me to be clear that Matthew had a reason as to why he included the passage16 in his Gospel if he was not implying Peter was to be the head of the Church Jesus was going to build on the Rock of Peter.
Indeed. But as I have told our brother Jon, I simply cannot find any ECF who held to the current Orthodox position of the pope just being “first among equals” based on honor.

As I have stated in the past,if the pope has no such power or divine Providence, I believe somewhere down the line in history,a formal protest or complaint from at least ONE ECF would have attacked the See of Rome for being out of line. Just my two cents.
 
Indeed. But as I have told our brother Jon, I simply cannot find any ECF who held to the current Orthodox position of the pope just being “first among equals” based on honor.

As I have stated in the past,if the pope has no such power or divine Providence, I believe somewhere down the line in history,a formal protest or complaint from at least ONE ECF would have attacked the See of Rome for being out of line. Just my two cents.
👍 I couldn’t agree more. It is understandable that those separated from the Catholic Church are going to go to great lengths to justify their position but, like you, I’ve never seen the evidence, especially among the ECF’s where not a challenge was made.

By the way, thanks for the quotes. Nice job.

Steve
 
👍 I couldn’t agree more. It is understandable that those separated from the Catholic Church are going to go to great lengths to justify their position but, like you, I’ve never seen the evidence, especially among the ECF’s where not a challenge was made.

By the way, thanks for the quotes. Nice job.

Steve
Your are very welcome! So I apparently I am not the only one who does not acknowledge any sort of formal complaint or challenge by a ECF.
 
Your are very welcome! So I apparently I am not the only one who does not acknowledge any sort of formal complaint or challenge by a ECF.
What I have seen is the opposite of any challenge. I can’t claim to be any sort of expert in the area but I love reading them and have yet to see this even brought up as an issue; it is treated more like a settled, unquestioned fact of life.

But I could be wrong. I guess if anyone can show an argument against papal supremacy from the early Church then let 'er fly!
 
What I have seen is the opposite of any challenge. I can’t claim to be any sort of expert in the area but I love reading them and have yet to see this even brought up as an issue; it is treated more like a settled, unquestioned fact of life.

But I could be wrong. I guess if anyone can show an argument against papal supremacy from the early Church then let 'er fly!
And that is what I have been searching for and asking for many years now. Yes,some will use ECF quotes to present a smoking gun against the papal primacy/jurisdiction. However,when the quote is read in its entirety of the whole text,the ECF never explicitly states it is an invention, new law,novel tradition, against Apostolic Tradition or a usurpation against Christ.

Case in point, some will use St.Irenaeus and other fathers as proof against universal jurisdiction who protested against pope Victor’s intention of excommunicating the Quartodecimans of Asia. However, in his letter Irenaeus is not protesting Victor’s authority;moreover, he urges Victor not to do it. He further goes on to say that Victor’s own precedessors had kept communion with people who differed from them on a matter of mere discipline.There is not hint Victor cannot do what he threatens. But Victor changes his mind.Either he never published the excommunication or he wihdrew at once.

Again…no where those opposing him attack his authority to do such a thing.
 
Indeed. But as I have told our brother Jon, I simply cannot find any ECF who held to the current Orthodox position of the pope just being “first among equals” based on honor.

As I have stated in the past,if the pope has no such power or divine Providence, I believe somewhere down the line in history,a formal protest or complaint from at least ONE ECF would have attacked the See of Rome for being out of line. Just my two cents.
Hi Nicea325: I too could not find anything that points to first among equals by ECF’s It seems to me from reading as much history of the Church that this first among equals is something dreamed up by the Orthodox since they like to think that by having a Pope over all the Churches somehow will prevent them from running their particular Churches in that the Pope is going to micromanage them and their parishes which I rather doubt because the Pope has better things to do than to try to run every Church in communion with Rome.

The idea as a position of honor first among equals is a hollow title and does not mean much. In reading any of the four Gospels I do not see where Peter is called first among equals but instead called the leader of the Apostles.
 
Hi Nicea325: I too could not find anything that points to first among equals by ECF’s It seems to me from reading as much history of the Church that this first among equals is something dreamed up by the Orthodox since they like to think that by having a Pope over all the Churches somehow will prevent them from running their particular Churches in that the Pope is going to micromanage them and their parishes which I rather doubt because the Pope has better things to do than to try to run every Church in communion with Rome.

The idea as a position of honor first among equals is a hollow title and does not mean much. In reading any of the four Gospels I do not see where Peter is called first among equals but instead called the leader of the Apostles.
Exactly! Not only that,but by reading the scores of writings of the ECFs (West & East), many refer to Peter as the “head” or “prince” or how Jesus conferred to Peter such leadership and authority. Why would any ECF refer to Peter as Prince, if he is “first among equals” as the Orthodox claim? We all know what prince means. Prince means exactly that…prince!
 
Exactly! Not only that,but by reading the scores of writings of the ECFs (West & East), many refer to Peter as the “head” or “prince” or how Jesus conferred to Peter such leadership and authority.
I think your reading is correct - in that the majority of the ECF did hold to the Chair of St. Peter as more than just an honorific.

Conversely, they also didn’t act as if the Chair of St. Peter was nesessarily always infallible and had immediate jurisdiction - for if they really thought that, then there would be no need for church councils regarding core tenants of the faith, or at least no need for protracted multi-year church councils at least.
 
Hi Jon,

Thanks for your response.
I already answered this. If, as you claim, Luther invented SS, then the Lutheran practice is the default model.
Honestly I have heard a lot of things, but never have I heard this. How does it follow that since Luther invented SS, the Lutheran practice of SS should be the default. We are coming to the understanding that SS has had a very negative impact on Christian unity, and we are all now supposed to ‘trust’ the man that invented SS as to how to ‘use’ it? This is logical? How do you possibly ‘sell’ that one to the rest of SS Christianity?

Remember that Harvard Professor Steven Ozment said that: “Luther instead started a process of spiritual fragmentation and competition that still goes on in Western Christendom today.”

And yet, you think that in addition to the damage that SS has done, we should have enough faith in Luther to also default to his method of practicing ‘SS’? Wouldn’t it make more sense to jettison SS altogether?
Already answered. Look, if a Catholic has so little confidence in their dialogue leaders, not to explore the history of the Reformation, I’m not sure I can help. The Lutherans, from everything I’ve read, have been honest partners (and some maybe too willing to find common ground.
What do you mean ‘too willing to find common ground’? Are you not looking for common ground?

It was (the Great) John Cardinal Henry Newman (a convert) who said:

“To be deep into history is to cease to be Protestant”.

The history of the early Reformation shows it to be what it really was, which was NOT a ‘reformation’ but a revolt. When people understand that history better, as opposed to the false history that is typically offered, they recognize the quality of the foundations of Protestantism. That goes double for understanding the actual history of Martin Luther, meaning his motives for and his methods for achieving his ‘reformation’. That history is hardly ‘irrelevant’!
If you have evidence from a Catholic dialogue participant, either on the national level or otherwise, that the Lutheran theologians have been somehow disingenuous or uncooperative in talking about Luther’s role, perhaps you can share it.
My point is that I don’t see any evidence past a few comments that they are really working to understand the cause of our differences.
And you have a statement from him stating he wasn’t serious, I would hope.
Jon – you brought Ratzinger’s comment into this discussion, so it falls to you to actually make your point rather than just creating an “atmosphere” that lacks any real evidence. With that in mind, please post the section of the Ratizinger quote that you think is significant, explain why, and also post a link to the whole document so we can all check the context.

My point is that there has been absolutely no evidence that anybody has seriously considered designating the Augsburg Confession as being “Catholic”. If you know differently, then please provide the evidence to the contrary. Absent that, my point stands.
If that is the case, why would you expect confessional Lutherans to give up our confessions, without dialogue that brings to convergence the doctrinal issues that divide us? Topper, we expect the CC to stand by its doctrines in dialogue, as we will. Any other approach or expectation isn’t true dialogue.
I have absolutely no expectation that Lutheranism would give up their confessions, and neither would I expect the Catholic Church to refute it’s doctrinal teachings in an effort to accommodate Lutherans. This means of course that there will not be any reunion on a communion wide scale, and as such, the conversions must be accomplished one soul at a time. That could begin, I think, with a recognition, Christian by Christian, as to the real reasons for, and the source of our disagreements.
Well, since the dialogue isn’t taking place 500 years ago, and Lutherans today consider it an honest representation of our beliefs, then the impressions of a Catholic apologist about the views of the Reformers of 500 years ago is, honestly, irrelevant. What is relevant is what is happening now.
Classic! Claiming that the ‘impressions’ of a Catholic apologist is irrelevant? I would suggest that people can judge for themselves what is and what is not relevant. In other words, the reasons that the Reformers used, and the arguments that they used in their rebellion are ‘irrelevant’? I would suggest Jon, that if those arguments and reasons were actually sound and compelling, you would be extremely happy to post them here and they would not be ‘irrelevant’. I see your statement as being extremely telling.

The fact is that the divisions within Protestantism are the result of Luther’s teachings, as is pointed out by Harvard Professor Steven Ozment:

“The division within Protestant ranks that is so striking to us today began almost immediately with the Reformation’s success. Luther nailed his famous theses to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg on 31 October, 1517, and before a decade had passed he faced determined Anabaptist, Spiritualist, and Zwinglian competitors. Each took inspiration from his movement, while at the same time decrying its corruption and declaring independence from it. Here began the unending line of would-be reformers of the Reformation, who have ever since confronted the original and later versions of Protestantism with their own allegedly truer interpretations of Holy Scripture. Since Luther’s protest, hundreds of Protestant denominations have sprung up in the modern world, and new ones continue to appear.” Ozment, “The Birth of a Revolution”, pg. x

Part 2 to follow
 
Part 2

Jon, do you agree with Ozment’s opinion in which he makes a very clear connection between the beginning of Luther’s movement and the resulting denominalization? Are Ozment’s “impressions” relevant? Also, do you agree that if, as Ozment put it, “each took inspiration from his (Luther’s) movement, then, at least to some degree, Luther is therefore ‘responsible’ for those ‘other’ denominations?
And I have often heard the same from good Catholics here, that the opposite is true. It seems naïve, frankly, to expect either side to simply cave, or to say that they are willing to compromise. Compromise will solve nothing. Compromise is not the intent of ecumenical dialogue. Prayerfully finding convergence is.
My point Jon is that there is not going to be any ‘convergence’ in any real sense, as long as the Pope is depicted as the antichrist in your Confessions. If, as Preus suggests, and he is not the only one, the Catholic Church is going to have to deny teachings that have been in place for 2000 years in order to reunify with Lutheranism, it is not going to happen.
I appreciate your kind words and concern.
My concern is that, with your much appreciated ecumenical approach, you seem to be very much ‘out of place’ in the LCMS. I don’t know how you can believe that they represent you.
Actually, I can. I do, and have, and continue to evaluate my faith tradition.
As someone who put a tremendous amount of work, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual (such as it is), on determining as best I could, how God’s Absolute Truth can be known, I appreciate your approach and your continuing search.
Curiously, I read on another thread yesterday a Catholic trying to link protestant groups to one of the ancient heresies by claiming it, too, used sola scriptura. 🤷
Ok, I have alluded to that. So pick your poison. Which is it? Did Luther invent SS or was it a somewhat version of a previous heresy?

What I have learned it that, in the history of heresy, all of those various groups upheld the authority of the Church to condemn all of the previous heresies, but not theirs. Of course, at that point, they think that ‘we are the church’ and ‘they’, meaning the RCC are NOT. This is exactly the position of Luther and also the Lutheran Confessions. The precedent in history is obvious.
And the OO. As for relatively unified, by Luther’s time the EO /CC split was 500 years old, and the CC /OO split far older than that. EO members here do not, AFAIK, consider the doctrinal differences as minor.
It wasn’t an issue because the Catholic understanding of papal universal jurisdiction, as outlines in Vat I wasn’t heard of then.

No. I’ve explained that before as well. I would consider it such an undeniable, irresistible evidence of the Spirit moving in His Church.
Yes, and again, after 1000 years, the EO is still “only” divided into 23 doctrinally independent communions. Does anybody have any idea how many there are in Protestantism. The reason for the difference, the EO are NOT SS. The proof is in the pudding.

It’s simple – the Holy Spirit does not ‘move’ in the both the Catholic and Lutheran churches such that they are ‘moved’ to teach different versions of Salvation. To suggest otherwise is blasphemous.
You can’t write a brief, concise, post on the matter?
Not without getting off track and leaving the subject of the thread, which is SS. Possibly somewhere down the line………In the meantime I would suggest you read “Getting the Reformation Wrong”, by Dr. James R. Payton Jr. (Reformed). He approaches the Reformation from a very interesting perspective and basically explodes the idea that people correctly understood Luther’s doctrinal teaching followed him because of those teachings.
Actually, I’ve said quite the opposite about Luther. He is, indeed, responsible for his writing, despite the corruption he saw in the Church at that time, despite the influences of folks like Gabriel Biel, even despite whatever family issues may have effected his thinking. But he is not responsible for what others decide and do. They are. I was born and raised Lutheran, but I today am responsible for where I am. Not my parents, not Luther.
Do you believe that Christ could have instituted a means by which people could know His Absolute Truth, (and did)? I don’t want to put words into your mouth but it is becoming clear to me that the answer to this question could be the basis for our differences.
OK, so if he is responsible for what he taught, then doesn’t he bear some responsibility if people believed wrongly because of what he taught wrongly?
Actually, I don’t. I depend on the Church, as Lutherans are responsible to do. It is the Church that interprets for doctrine. Hermeneutics is the responsibility of the Church.
It appears that you have tremendous faith in the authority of the Lutheran church to correctly interpret the Scriptures (or to correctly teach God’s Absolute Truth). Why? What is it about the Lutheran church which makes it more credible than the other Protestant communions (without the stock answer about how much better your communion adheres to the Bible of course)?

God Bless You Jon, Topper
 
Hi Nicea,
Your are very welcome! So I apparently I am not the only one who does not acknowledge any sort of formal complaint or challenge by a ECF.
I agree. I have looked for evidence in the ECFs that documents a challenge Papal Primacy/Supremacy, and have not found any. Finally I gave up looking, realizing that it there was a record of such a challenge, I would have heard about it over and over again and over again on the threads. A challenge like that, from an orthodox Christian, no matter how vague and unimportant, would have been a major part of every Protestant Apologetic effort for the last 500 years. Thus, since I have not seen such a challenge in the 12 years or so that I have been ‘doing this’, that means that none doesn’t exist. The only things that exist are the kinds of things that you posted and there are MANY more.

This brings us back to the double standard employed by Protestantism. In order for them to believe a Catholic point, that point needs to come down the mountain on gold tablets, and still there will be doubts. Yet, all they have to do to ‘prove’ their point to us is to state their opinions. It seems to me to revolve around the difference in the manner by which Protestants and Catholics are led by the Holy Spirit.

Great post on those quotes BTW. Very compelling stuff, that is unless your mind is already made up and no additional evidence is allowable.

In regards to these kinds of issues what kind and quantity of evidence from the Fathers would be ‘convincing’? From what I have seen over the years, the truthful answer for some people would be:

“None. I have already determined that the Catholic doctrine of (fill in the blank) is not supported in the ECFS.”

God Bless You Nice, Topper
 
Jon, do you agree with Ozment’s opinion in which he makes a very clear connection between the beginning of Luther’s movement and the resulting denominalization? Are Ozment’s “impressions” relevant? Also, do you agree that if, as Ozment put it, “each took inspiration from his (Luther’s) movement, then, at least to some degree, Luther is therefore ‘responsible’ for those ‘other’ denominations?
When will you give this tired bit a rest? Luther is no more responsible for non-Lutherans than you! Most reasonable Roman Catholics are able to understand this. In any case, IF the Lemming Doctrine were true, as you insist, it wouldn’t hold weight according to forum guidelines: forums.catholic-questions.org/showthread.php?t=791722
 
Hi Nicea,

I agree. I have looked for evidence in the ECFs that documents a challenge Papal Primacy/Supremacy, and have not found any. Finally I gave up looking, realizing that it there was a record of such a challenge, I would have heard about it over and over again and over again on the threads. A challenge like that, from an orthodox Christian, no matter how vague and unimportant, would have been a major part of every Protestant Apologetic effort for the last 500 years. Thus, since I have not seen such a challenge in the 12 years or so that I have been ‘doing this’, that means that none doesn’t exist. The only things that exist are the kinds of things that you posted and there are MANY more.

This brings us back to the double standard employed by Protestantism. In order for them to believe a Catholic point, that point needs to come down the mountain on gold tablets, and still there will be doubts. Yet, all they have to do to ‘prove’ their point to us is to state their opinions. It seems to me to revolve around the difference in the manner by which Protestants and Catholics are led by the Holy Spirit.

Great post on those quotes BTW. Very compelling stuff, that is unless your mind is already made up and no additional evidence is allowable.

In regards to these kinds of issues what kind and quantity of evidence from the Fathers would be ‘convincing’? From what I have seen over the years, the truthful answer for some people would be:

“None. I have already determined that the Catholic doctrine of (fill in the blank) is not supported in the ECFS.”

God Bless You Nice, Topper
Yes Topper I agree with Steido. We need to let
Luther rest in peace. He is NOT responsible for
all Protestant movements or for most of SS.
And the topic is on SS not Luther.
 
Hello Everyone,

I have always had questions in regard to the Holy Trinity, the God-Like nature of Jesus and the vast prayers to different entities on Catholic Church.

Out of impulse, i accepted Islam specially attracted for the idea of the Oneness of God and no intermediaries between the believer and the Creator.

After meditating on this event, i found the message of the Christ more appealing to me specially on the compassion and acceptance to others no matter who or what they are.
I choose to be Christian, at least.

How can i regain my Catholic believe specially on the two most important subjects: Holy Trinity and Jesus as God?

Thank you all and appreciate your answers. 🙂
 
Hello Everyone,

I have always had questions in regard to the Holy Trinity, the God-Like nature of Jesus and the vast prayers to different entities on Catholic Church.

Out of impulse, i accepted Islam specially attracted for the idea of the Oneness of God and no intermediaries between the believer and the Creator.

After meditating on this event, i found the message of the Christ more appealing to me specially on the compassion and acceptance to others no matter who or what they are.
I choose to be Christian, at least.

How can i regain my Catholic believe specially on the two most important subjects: Holy Trinity and Jesus as God?

Thank you all and appreciate your answers. 🙂
Hi JoseDavid,
Welcome to CAF.
I think many would be interested and willing to respond your thought here. While it is off-topic for this thread (not saying we always stay on topic :D), you might want to start a new thread on this very topic.

His peace,
Jon
 
Hi Nicea325: I agree with you but would like to add that if there were no universal jurisdiction then one Bishop could do as they wanted and also take their case to any other Bishop since Bishops are the successors to the Apostles, be they Patriarchs or Metropolatians etc. It seems to me to be clear that Matthew had a reason as to why he included the passage16 in his Gospel if he was not implying Peter was to be the head of the Church Jesus was going to build on the Rock of Peter.
Hi spina,

While we may interpret Matthew differently, I don’t think Lutherans would balk at the idea of a primacy of unity held by the pope. I don’t think Orthodoxy would, either. It is that universal immediate jurisdiction that seems lacking from the early Church.

Jon
 
Hi spina,

While we may interpret Matthew differently, I don’t think Lutherans would balk at the idea of a primacy of unity held by the pope. I don’t think Orthodoxy would, either. It is that universal immediate jurisdiction that seems lacking from the early Church.

Jon
One might argue this point either way, that “universal immediate jurisdiction” is neither ruled out nor proven by the ECFs. But might we draw some conclusions based on our own times? As recently as 1960 the great majority of Christians were committed to a common New Testament canon, and assumed mostly the same core elements of doctrine, with some outliers. The secular culture for centuries frequently violated Christian truth and morality, but they always knew what truth and goodness they were denying - and generally came back to it.

In 1960, a “primacy of unity” might have been sufficient. Implicitly that is in fact what we had, and it was adequate then. In 2014 we have an aggressive secular culture that not only violates truth and goodness but redefines them. We have many churches that are now in effect captives of the secular media. Is the Spirit saying anything to us through our observation of the last 2 generations? I don’t mean that God’s Truth changes to fit modern times, but our understanding of verses that refer to the Church is affected by our knowlege of new data - and our own fragility.
 
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